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沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞中英文對(duì)照

時(shí)間:2023-01-20 10:24:26 導(dǎo)游詞 我要投稿
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沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞(中英文對(duì)照)

  沈陽(yáng)故宮是中國(guó)僅存的兩大宮殿建筑群之一,又稱盛京皇宮,為清朝初期的皇宮。以下是小編整理的沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞(中英文對(duì)照),歡迎閱讀。

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞(中英文對(duì)照)

  沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞(英文)

    Hello,everyone!Please allow me to express a warm welcome on behalf of Shenyang citizens.I'm with great pleasure to be your tourist guide and from now on I will show you around Shenyang Imperial Palace,shere the founder of Qing Dynasty Nuerhachi and his son Huangtaiji lived.Shenyang Imperial Palace ,Fuling tomb and Zhaoling Tomb made in the early period of Qing Dynasty are the three famous historical sites in Shenyang .

    Shenyang Imperial Palace with a history of over 360 years started in 1625 and was roughly accomplished in 1636 during the reign of Nuerhachi and HuangTaiji. After them four emperors of Qing Dynasty had come back from Beijing to this palace for 10 times and enlarged its area and added its buildings.They were Emperor Kangxi,Qianlong,Jiaqing and Daoguang.Therefore,until 1783 the palace was finally finished.

    Shenyang Imperial Palace is one of the two royal palaces well kept in China.The other one is Forbidden City in Beijing.Shenyang Imperial Palace was entitled "Historic Culture Relics Preserved Buildings" in 1961 by the State Council.This palace is an emperor museum combining the architectual styles of the minorities of Man,Han and Mongolia.

    This palace covers an area of 60,000 square meters,comprising over 20 courtyards,300 houses and 70 buildings.The whole construction is divided into three sections: the east, middle and west.

     First let's pay a visit to the buildings in the buildings in the middle section.The layout of middle section is similar to a Chinese compound with three courtyards.The first courtyard is the office area.It starts from the Grand Qing Gate on the south and ends at Holy Administration Hall.From Phoenix Tower to Purity and Tranquility Hall is the residential area.They all lay out on the same line.

    The main entrance to the palace is the Grand Qing Gate,also called Meridian Gate because the emperor considered himself as the son of Heaven and the palace should be the center of universe .The Grand Qing Gate was bulilt in 1632 and is was the place where the civilian offcials and military ministers to present themselves before the emperor daily .The special feature of the gate is the tile color.They are all yellow tiles but engraved with green borders.Yellow synbolizes the ground and the royal right while green represents sea and mountains.The combination of them means controlling the vast areas on the earth.

    The building to the east of Grand Qing Gate is called Ancestor Temple(Taimiao)with yellow tile roof,where Nuerhachi's descendants offeredsacrifices to their ancestors for blessings.So Ancestor Temple is the most important.

    Please follow me into the gate.This path in the middle links the gate to Holy Administration Hall with Flying Dragon Pavilion (Feilongge) and Flying Phoenix Pavilion(Xiangfengge) on each side.The Hall of Holy Administration is the main building in the middle part of the palace and it was the center of the military,administrative affairs in eatly Qing Dynasty and had witnessed many national ceremories.Flying Dragon and Flying Phoenix Pavilions were for storing music instruments.

    Holy Administration Hall was Emperor Huangtaiji's office.In front of the hall are Rigui and Jiangliang,which were used as measure instruments and supposed to be the symbol of unity.

     In accient construction,office area is usually in the front part and residential area is in the rear.Since we have visted the place where the Emperors worked and now we'll pay a visite tothe place where empress and concubines lived.Here is the Phoenis Tower.It served as an entrances to the rear chambers and also the entertainment area of Huangtaiji and his concubines,and some gatherings or banquets were held occasionally.The tower was built on a terrace 3.8 meters tall.It was the tallest building in Shenyang at that time .It is amazing watching sunrise in the morning on the tower and Phoenix Sunrise is one of the famous Eight fascinating Scenes in Shenyang.

  Look upward ,we will see a board hanging up on Phoenix Tower ,on which Emperor Qianlong inscribed "Ziqidonglai",which meant the Qing Dynasty in Beijing immigrated fron Shengjing,the old name for Shenyang to the east .There are 24staircases leading to Phoenix Tower representing 24 seasonal divisions points in chinese lunar calendar.In Shenyang Imperial palace chambers are higher than halls, which is contrary to the architectural style in Forbidden city in Beijing.

    Walking through the tower are the rear chambers.The one on the north in the middle was called Purity and Tranquility Hall,which was prepared for emperor and empress.The other four lying on both sides were fo concubines .Purity and Tranquility Hall has five rooms and the First from the east was where Huangraiji passed away here at the age of 52 without any disease.His throne passed to his ninth son,Fulin.In early Qing Dynasty,the construction style was summed up like this: bag-like house,zigzag bed and chimney sitting on the ground.The main buildings here were different from other buildings with a door was opende in the wall of the east room and the other rooms were connected together like a bag.The zigzag beds,made of mud and brick and with fire and smoke tunnels were called"kang"in Chinese.In order to get heat and keep room warm in winter,tunnels was made under the ground of Purity and Tranquility Hall to put fire and smoke through .Now notice the pole standing on the ground for smoke through.Now notice the pole standing right in the middle of the courtyard.This red pole is called Suolun pole,or Holy Pole.Its round tin container near the top was filled with food for feeding crows.It was said that Nuerhachi was savedby crows.Crows are considered sacred in Manchurian culture though in Chinese culture crows are regarded as birds bringing bad luck.

    Emperor Huangtaiji had four concubines.Among the four concubines Chen was loved best by Huangtaiji and Concubine Zhuang was the wisest and the mother of the next emperor,Fulin.Therefore ,she had a special status among the concubines.

    The only chimney was built on the rear of Purity and Tranquility hall from the ground with 11 layers ,representing the 11 emperors from Emperor Huangtaiji to the last emperor Puyi.This chimney was the highest one at that time.In Chinese ,the sound of chimeny"tong" is the same as that of unity.

    To the north further is rear courtyard called Yuhua Garden.

    After visiting the middle section of the palace ,we come to the eastern section.Its representative building is the Great Administration Hall,flanked by Ten Princes Pavilions.This part was built in 1625,and they were the earliest building in Shenyang Imperial Palace.Great Administration Hall is the place ceremonies and handled state affairs.

    Great Administration Hall was built with eight sides representing the style of military tent and also Eight Banner military system.Now please look at the ten pavilions,five on each side,which were the offices of the commanders at that time.Here I will give you an introduction to the military system of early Manchurian Period .Nuerhachi divided his troops in four parts and each part was identified by the color of its banner .There sere then four kinds of banner:red,blue,white and yellow banner.As the troops expanded quickly ,another four parts were added and therefore another four kinds of banner were needed .By then there were altogether eight kinds of banner.This army was therefore well known for Eight Banner Army .

    The last part of Shenyang Imperial Palace is the western section,built from 1782 to 1783 and during Emperor Qianlong's reign.Its main construction is Book Source Pavilion (Wensuge) with Theater Platform and Good Descendant-benefiting Hall(Jiayintang) in front,Prosperity Administration Stydy (Yangxizhai) and Nine Halls behind.Book Souurce Pavilion(wensuge) was specially designed for storing the encyclopedia compiled at that time,Si Ku Quan Shu.This encyclopedia collected most of the books in Chinese history .Its complication started in 1773.This set of history books is composed of seven sections,more than 36,000 volumes.It took educated persons over 10 years to finish is.When finished,the sholecneyclopedia was duplicated in seven pavilions across China.The other six copies were either damaged during wars or lost.This set is the only one well kept.But the real copy is no longer here and now is restored in the Palace Museum in Beijing and Gansu province library.We can see that Book Source Pavilion covered with black tiles.In Chinese philosophy,black refers water.The pavilion was built for storing books and its biggest threat was fire.So black tiles hinting water covering it on the top as a way of protection .Good Proserty Admiration Study was for Emperor reading while Descendant-benefiting Hall and the Theater Platform consisting of a couryard for Emperor ,his empress and concubines watching plays.

  Shenyang Imperial Palace is one of the cultural relics in China and it is the symbol of this city .It is a good combination of diferent nationalities as well as a tourist attraction.And now we have to end our visiting ,I hope you all enjoy it and thank you for your cooperation,goodbye.

  沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞(中文)

  各位游客大家好,我們此次游覽的景點(diǎn)是世界文化遺產(chǎn)、國(guó)家 4A級(jí)景區(qū)、國(guó)家重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位——沈陽(yáng)故宮。故宮,顧名思義就是舊時(shí)宮殿,沈陽(yáng)故宮始建于后金(努爾哈赤建立政權(quán)之初國(guó)號(hào)為金,史稱后金)天命十年(公元1625年)。先后經(jīng)過三次大規(guī)模建設(shè),形成了東中西三路格局。其中東路為老罕王努爾哈赤進(jìn)沈陽(yáng)以后修建;中路為努爾哈赤的兒子清太宗皇太極繼位以后興建;西路則為清朝中期乾隆皇帝東巡和為了安放《四庫(kù)全書》而修建。全部建筑70余座,300余間,組成20多組院落。作為我國(guó)現(xiàn)存保存最完好的兩座宮殿之一,與北京故宮遙相呼應(yīng),卻又有著與北京故宮截然不同的建筑風(fēng)格和格局樣式。那么我們今天就來領(lǐng)略一下昔日皇宮的風(fēng)采。

 。ü蕦m門前)我們現(xiàn)在所在的位置是故宮門前,東西各有一座牌坊。東邊為文德坊,西邊為武功坊。老沈陽(yáng)人俗稱為“東華門”和“西華門”。古時(shí)候大臣上朝之時(shí)從東華門入朝。先在東西朝房侯朝。我們眼前的這座掛有郭沫若題詞《沈陽(yáng)故宮》牌匾的建筑就是大清門,大家可能會(huì)問,這座像房子一樣的建筑為什么叫做門,它與我們常見的門有很大的區(qū)別!門作為古代建筑中重要的組成部分,同樣也是等級(jí)制度直觀體現(xiàn)。如我們常聽說的“柴門”,柴門是用柴木搭建的一個(gè)只有門框的門,這也是等級(jí)地位最低的門。再有單開門,**門。有錢有勢(shì)人家的門要高出地面修建在臺(tái)基上。我們眼前這座大清門是五間硬山頂?shù)奈萦钍降拇箝T,中間三間為門,南北都設(shè)有臺(tái)階,兩梢間有檻墻木窗,皇家的大門明顯異于常人。大清門雖然只是出入宮殿的通道,但作為皇宮的門面裝飾也力求華麗美觀。除黃綠兩色的琉璃瓦屋頂和檐下的雕梁畫棟外,最引人注目的要算是墻體四角的琉璃“墀頭”,每組都由上下相聯(lián)的四部分組合而成,黃、藍(lán)色調(diào)為主,間以紅、白、綠等色,浮雕云龍飛鳳,瑞獸奇花,鮮艷多彩,燒造精致,雖然不處于建筑的中心部位,卻成為最亮麗斑斕的藝術(shù)杰作。這座門為什么叫做“大清門”哪?正統(tǒng)的說法是清朝的國(guó)號(hào)為“清”,宮殿的門又叫國(guó)門,所以叫“大清門”。還有個(gè)傳說:這座宮門在建成以后并沒有名稱,只是叫做“大門”。后來崇德元年皇太極改國(guó)號(hào)為“大清”以后,聽說明朝北京皇城的正門叫做“大明門”,為了針鋒相對(duì),克其鋒芒,就把這座大門命名為“大清門”。古時(shí)上朝之時(shí)文武大臣按照文東武西排列站在大清門前兩側(cè)侯朝議事。在大清門的東側(cè)有一座封閉的院落——太廟。所謂“太廟”即皇帝奉祀祖先的宗廟。清朝有太廟制度始于崇德元年皇太極改元稱帝之時(shí),前殿供奉太祖努爾哈赤和太后。葉赫納拉氏(皇太極生母)神位,后殿則供奉努爾哈赤以上四代祖先,即猛哥帖木兒、福滿、覺昌安、塔克世及其妻的神位。太廟建成后,每年逢清明、除夕等日,皇太極都要親自前往焚香祭祀。順治遷都北京后,先是把太祖朝的神位移往北京太廟,原來的盛京太廟因?yàn)橹皇O滤淖嫔裎,改稱為“四四祖廟”。清朝歷代皇帝東巡祭祖陵的皇帝在進(jìn)入沈陽(yáng)故宮之前,都要先到廟中向自己祖先的玉寶玉冊(cè)上香行禮。

 。ㄖ新罚┪覀冏哌M(jìn)大清門,在右側(cè)有一個(gè)沈陽(yáng)故宮的微縮,可以領(lǐng)略沈陽(yáng)故宮的全貌。穿過大清門我們來到了沈陽(yáng)故宮中路的頭道院落。我們正面的建筑就是沈陽(yáng)故宮的“金鑾殿”——崇政殿。興建之初名字叫做“正殿”。崇德元年定名為崇政殿。崇政殿為五間九檁硬山式建筑,殿頂鋪黃琉璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,正脊飾五彩琉璃龍紋及火焰珠。其中請(qǐng)各位游客注意的是殿頂?shù)牧鹆撸腥ミ^北京故宮的朋友一定會(huì)清楚地記得北京故宮的琉璃瓦是黃色的,而沈陽(yáng)的琉璃瓦是黃色鑲綠剪邊。這是沈陽(yáng)故宮與北京故宮的重要差別之一。我們走上臺(tái)基。在臺(tái)基兩側(cè)分別有用于計(jì)時(shí)的日晷,和存放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)量單位的嘉量亭。此外臺(tái)基上四口盛滿清水的大缸大家知道是做什么用的嗎?當(dāng)然不是皇帝養(yǎng)金魚的魚缸。這四口缸被稱作是“吉祥缸”古代稱它是“門!,是古代皇宮中重要的防火設(shè)施。那又有朋友問了,冬天北方的天氣很冷,水都會(huì)結(jié)冰。沒關(guān)系,缸下可以點(diǎn)燃炭火既可以化冰,又可取暖。我們走上須彌座。頭上牌匾用滿文和漢文書寫的“崇政殿”,請(qǐng)看左邊的滿文,我們有個(gè)形象的比喻“中間一根棍,兩邊都是刺,加上圈和點(diǎn),就是滿文字兒”。沈陽(yáng)故宮的牌匾都是滿文在左,漢文在右。而北京故宮的牌匾都是漢文在左,滿文在右。這是沈陽(yáng)故宮與北京故宮的差別之二。崇政殿內(nèi)現(xiàn)在的陳設(shè)是乾隆東巡后按照北京故宮乾清宮的陳設(shè)擺放的。上面“正大光明”匾額為順治皇帝御筆親書。下面就是皇帝的寶座,據(jù)說寶座上繪制雕刻有8條金龍,算上坐在寶座上的真龍?zhí)熳诱檬侵袊?guó)古代最大的陽(yáng)數(shù)九條龍。寶座后面是金質(zhì)屏風(fēng)。上面刻有康熙皇帝從古代經(jīng)書中摘出的言十二句銘文圣訓(xùn),作為自己和后世皇帝治理國(guó)家的座右銘鐫刻在御座之旁的。陳設(shè)在龍椅前后的有鶴式燭臺(tái)、熏爐、塔式香亭、甪端、“太平有象”等。從乾隆時(shí)起,皇帝還把一些相關(guān)的題詠詩(shī)章手跡制成匾聯(lián)懸掛殿內(nèi)。寶座前的“念茲戎功用肇造我區(qū)夏,慎乃儉德式勿替有歷年”藍(lán)地金字對(duì)聯(lián)出自乾隆皇帝手跡,殿北門內(nèi)上方還掛有嘉慶、,道光御題崇政殿詩(shī)金字木匾等等。當(dāng)年清太宗皇太極繼位后勵(lì)精圖治,1636年皇太極就是在這里發(fā)布詔書。將國(guó)號(hào)“金”改為“清”;改元“天聰”為“崇德”;改“女真族”為“滿族”。那為什么要改國(guó)號(hào)和族名哪?國(guó)號(hào)有為什么叫做“清”哪?話說皇太極請(qǐng)遍能人高手,為國(guó)家和民族改名。這群能人高手里有個(gè)在深山出家的老和尚,法號(hào)無然。無然長(zhǎng)老給他出主意:明朝的“明”字光輝燦爛,屬于“火”,要想滅火,就得用水,族號(hào)叫“滿”,國(guó)號(hào)叫“清”,這“滿清”二字都帶三點(diǎn)“水”,六水滅火,可得中原天下;侍珮O信服極了,要改就徹底改,把自己這個(gè)罕王也改了,干脆和大明朝并列,也就叫皇帝吧!

  在崇政殿前的東西兩側(cè)分別為“飛龍閣”和“翔鳳閣”!帮w龍閣”和“翔鳳閣”主要是為皇帝藏珍納寶的。許多珍貴的文物都藏于此間!帮w龍閣”和“翔鳳閣”后面分別是用于存瓷器的東七間樓和存放書籍墨刻的西七間樓。

  我們離開崇政殿,穿過左翎門來到崇政殿的后院。在東西兩側(cè)的分別是“日華樓”、“師善齋”、“霞綺樓”、“協(xié)中齋”。后期主要用于皇子教育,也就是“皇家貴族學(xué)校”。在我們的正面有一約四米的高臺(tái),臺(tái)中環(huán)繞有女兒墻,臺(tái)上就是沈陽(yáng)故宮的后宮部分。哪為什么后宮要建筑在一座高臺(tái)上那?這就要從滿足民俗說起。滿族作為我國(guó)北方的一個(gè)少數(shù)民族。生存狀況相對(duì)惡劣。經(jīng)常受到虎狼這樣的野獸的攻擊。于是聰明的滿族人將居住之所建住宅一個(gè)土臺(tái)之上,地勢(shì)較高可以有效的防范野獸的攻擊。這就形成了沈陽(yáng)故宮和北京故宮的差別之

  三。北京故宮的前朝建筑在高大的須彌座上,后寢建筑在平地上。沈陽(yáng)故宮正好與之相反。臺(tái)上有一高樓。此樓名曰“鳳凰樓”。原名“五鳳樓”、“翔鳳樓”。鳳凰樓采用三滴水歇山式圍廊,頂鋪黃琉璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊。每層深廣各三間,周圍有回廊,下層的.門洞是聯(lián)絡(luò)臺(tái)上臺(tái)下的通道。風(fēng)凰樓既是后宮的大門。此樓為當(dāng)時(shí)沈陽(yáng)城最高建筑。沈陽(yáng)古稱“盛京”!笆⒕┌司啊保ㄌ熘徘、輝山晴雪、渾河晚渡、塔灣夕照、柳塘避暑、鳳樓曉日、皇寺鳴鐘、萬(wàn)泉垂釣)之一的“鳳樓曉日”的典故就出于此處。站在樓上可以最先看到東方朝氣蓬勃的曉日。傳說當(dāng)年站在鳳凰樓上可以看到撫順城。鳳凰樓是清寧宮的門戶,也是皇帝策劃軍政大事、休息小憩和宴請(qǐng)之所。登上象征二十四節(jié)氣的二十四級(jí)臺(tái)階。抬頭可見乾隆皇帝御筆親書“紫氣東來”!白蠚鈻|來”的典故出自漢朝劉向的《列仙傳》老子過函谷關(guān)的故事,后世引用為“紫氣東來”。乾隆用紫氣東來比如大清王朝自東方興起,向西入關(guān)定鼎中原。

  穿過鳳凰樓我們進(jìn)入了一處院落,此處就是皇太極的后宮所在。這里為典型的滿族四合院建筑。正面的是皇太極的中宮“清寧宮”。東西兩側(cè)分別排列著,東配宮:關(guān)雎宮和衍慶宮;西配宮:麟趾宮和永福宮。我們下面依次參觀。從外面看清寧宮,我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)滿族的民居有一個(gè)明顯的不同。漢族的民族門通常開在正中間,而我們眼前的滿族民居的門卻開在靠東的一側(cè)。滿族民居有句名諺“口袋房、萬(wàn)字炕、煙囪出在地面上”。滿族早期多依山傍水而居,以方便和適應(yīng)他們的生產(chǎn)生活習(xí)慣。滿族農(nóng)村房屋正房一般為三間或五間,坐北朝南便于采光,均在東端南邊開門,形如口袋,俗稱“口袋房”,便于聚暖。東西各有廂房,配以門房,這便構(gòu)成通常所說的四合院。房屋多為起脊磚瓦房,俗稱“海青房”。房柱皆插地,門向南開,高大寬敞。房?jī)?nèi)正對(duì)門一間謂堂屋,又稱外屋,設(shè)廚灶鍋臺(tái)、水缸,灶通西內(nèi)室火炕,火炕。從堂屋西墻開門為里屋,為南、北、西三面構(gòu)成“萬(wàn)字坑”。滿族尚右,西墻供祖宗牌位。西炕為窄炕,不住人,下通煙道。南北對(duì)面炕。上鋪炕席。夜間長(zhǎng)輩居于西屋南炕,北炕分居兄弟子媳。就寢時(shí),頭朝炕外,腳抵墻,對(duì)防寒和呼吸新鮮空氣頗為適宜。墻壁多貼有紙畫。為御北方寒冷,有的還建有火地。屋外西山墻頭砌有煙囪,高出房檐數(shù)尺。煙囪根底有窩風(fēng)窠,以擋逆風(fēng)。我們進(jìn)入清寧宮參觀。住在清寧宮的女主人姓博爾濟(jì)吉特氏,名哲哲。死后唄冊(cè)封為孝端文皇后。哲哲,是蒙古科爾沁貝勒莽古思的女兒。十五歲時(shí)嫁給皇太極,生有三個(gè)女兒。由于哲哲娘家科爾沁部在蒙古各部落中歸附后金最早,與之關(guān)系最緊密,所以皇太極改元稱帝冊(cè)封后妃時(shí),便將地位顯貴的哲哲立為中宮皇后,她是清代歷史上第一位行大禮、正式冊(cè)封的皇后。順治七年哲哲故去,謚號(hào)為“孝端文皇后” ,同皇太極一起合葬在清昭陵(沈陽(yáng)北陵)。請(qǐng)各位朝西面看。滿族人以西方為大。所以西面供奉著神龕,此幅畫像為關(guān)公。滿族八旗以《三國(guó)演義》為兵書。故而非常崇拜關(guān)羽。滿族人把關(guān)羽封為武神。在清朝以前我國(guó)的武神是岳飛。清朝人統(tǒng)一天下以后,因岳飛曾經(jīng)和滿族的先祖做過戰(zhàn)。所以岳飛下了崗,關(guān)公成為新一任的武神。在神像的兩側(cè)分別掛有“萬(wàn)福之原”和“合撰延祺”!叭f(wàn)福之原”是乾隆御筆,意為萬(wàn)福來原于神的賜予!昂献屿鳌笔羌螒c御筆,意為聚集天地之靈氣,使幸福綿長(zhǎng)。下面提一個(gè)小問題。有知道清寧宮中這倆口大鍋的用途的嗎???我來解釋一下:這兩口鍋是用來祭祀的。滿族人信奉薩滿教。薩滿祭祀過程既莊重虔誠(chéng)又有神秘色彩,主持祭祀的薩滿巫師頭上帶著高高的神帽,身上系著腰鈴,手中拿著單面鼓,在地中央邊唱邊跳。我們現(xiàn)代所說的“跳大神”就是從薩滿巫師中演變過來的。主要的祭品是自家養(yǎng)的黑色雛公豬,人們將熱酒灌進(jìn)豬的耳朵,如果豬耳朵有晃動(dòng)即表示神靈已經(jīng)接收該祭品。如果不動(dòng),則表示神靈不滿意,則本次祭祀活動(dòng)不能在進(jìn)行下去了。豬由于受到刺激就會(huì)搖頭,稱為“領(lǐng)牲”,滿族人認(rèn)為此時(shí)的豬已經(jīng)通神,成為連接天地的媒介。然后將豬宰殺后煺洗干凈,切成大塊,放入北側(cè)的兩口大鍋里清水煮熟,先放入木槽內(nèi)供奉給神靈享用,然后再分給參加祭祀的人們,稱為“吃福肉”,滿族人相信吃了福肉,福氣就會(huì)降臨到每個(gè)人的身上。每年正月初一,滿族的祭祀活動(dòng)最為盛大。初一早晨王公大臣都要到皇帝家來做客;实蹠(huì)將煮好的福肉賞賜給他們吃(清水煮肉),吃的時(shí)候不蘸任何調(diào)料。那位能吃到最大的那一塊,則他今年的福氣會(huì)最好。其余剩下的部分會(huì)放到門內(nèi)左側(cè)的案板上。在殺豬的時(shí)候,豬內(nèi)臟也是有用處的。將豬內(nèi)臟取出,置于院中的神桿索倫干上,供奉滿族的神鳥烏鴉。索倫桿上有錫斗,桿下放三塊石,稱為“神石”。桿后是一面用磚砌成的壁墻。烏鴉為什么能成為滿族的神鳥哪?這就要從烏鴉救凡察的故事說起。滿族的先祖有一次背仇家所害。全家只有一個(gè)叫凡察的小孩逃了出來,仇家要趕盡殺絕。凡察跑的精疲力竭之時(shí)卷曲在一棵棵樹邊。這時(shí)恰巧一群烏鴉落在樹上和凡察的身上。仇家經(jīng)過此地,認(rèn)為烏鴉是不會(huì)在有活人的地方停留,凡察一定不會(huì)再這。就這樣凡察得救了,凡察后來成為了滿族的英雄,為族人報(bào)了仇。于是滿族開始供奉烏鴉為神鳥,祭祀的時(shí)候用豬內(nèi)臟來供養(yǎng)烏鴉。當(dāng)有流浪的乞討者經(jīng)過時(shí)也可抓取索倫干上的東西吃。言歸正傳。清寧宮內(nèi)東側(cè)被隔開里面稱之為“暖閣”。也就是皇帝皇太極和皇后哲哲的臥室。暖閣內(nèi)部分為南北兩間,兩間都有火炕(龍床)。這種設(shè)計(jì)非常巧妙,完全適于北方氣候溫差較大的特點(diǎn)。在漫長(zhǎng)寒冷的冬季,住在臨窗的南炕,既明亮,又有充足的陽(yáng)光照射,自然十分暖和;而在炎炎夏日,避暑移居到北炕,則很涼爽,是理想的居住之所。崇德八年(1643年)八月初九,皇太極端坐在南炕上“無疾而終”,卒年五十二歲,葬在昭陵(即沈陽(yáng)北陵)。

  按照中國(guó)人的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣“左高右低”,在清寧宮左右兩側(cè)按照地位級(jí)別分別是:關(guān)雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。我們下面逐一參觀。關(guān)雎宮就是皇太極一生中最寵愛的宸妃——海蘭珠,宸妃是蒙古科爾沁部貝勒宰桑之女,也是中宮皇后哲哲的親侄女。海蘭珠歸嫁皇太極時(shí)已經(jīng)26歲,崇德元年皇太極冊(cè)封后妃時(shí),海蘭珠后來者居上,被封為東宮大福晉,并把其居住宮室命名為“關(guān)雎宮”!瓣P(guān)雎”一詞源于《詩(shī)經(jīng)》首篇“關(guān)關(guān)雎鳩,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑”的詩(shī)句,這是一首千古愛情絕唱,把內(nèi)涵這樣豐富的名字賦予了海蘭珠所住的宮室,足見皇太極對(duì)海蘭珠的特殊感情。崇德二年七月宸妃生皇八子,皇太極非常高興,并在大政殿頒詔大赦天下,皇太極這一不尋常的舉動(dòng),足以證明對(duì)該皇子寵愛有加,可惜這位小皇子來到世上僅七個(gè)月,就不幸夭折了。宸妃無法承受這一痛苦的打擊,每日郁郁寡歡,積郁成疾,崇德六年病逝。當(dāng)時(shí)皇太極正在邊外重鎮(zhèn)錦州與明朝作戰(zhàn),聞?dòng)嵑篑R不停蹄奔回盛京,可還是沒有看到宸妃最后一眼,他悲不自勝,一路奔進(jìn)關(guān)雎宮愛妃的靈柩前“悲涕不止”,并下令以國(guó)喪的規(guī)格從厚殯葬,同時(shí)下旨追封謚號(hào)為“敏惠恭和元妃”,使海蘭珠成為有清一代獲謚號(hào)字?jǐn)?shù)最多的妃子。此后,皇太極一直生活在懷念宸妃而無法釋懷的狀態(tài)中,并結(jié)束了他四十余年的戎馬生涯,再也沒有重返戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),他常常睹物思人,每次外出圍獵路過宸妃的墓地,皇太極都要憑吊一番,痛哭一場(chǎng)。 兩年后皇太極病逝在清寧宮,享年52歲,皇太極的英年早逝與兩年前宸妃的病逝有著密切的關(guān)系。在宸妃的居室,北炕掛著一個(gè)搖籃,是宸妃哺育皇子的地方,“養(yǎng)個(gè)孩子吊起來”與“窗戶紙糊在外”,“大姑娘叼煙袋”并稱為東北的三大怪。外間是宸妃會(huì)客、禮佛、用餐的地方。中間炕上的佛龕里供奉的是佛祖釋迦牟尼。

   麟趾宮又稱西宮,是皇太極貴妃娜木鐘的寢宮,“麟趾”二字出自《詩(shī)經(jīng)》,意為子孫興旺,乃人中龍鳳。貴妃娜木鐘是蒙古阿巴垓部郡王額齊格諾顏之女,嫁與蒙古察哈爾林丹汗為多羅大福晉,又稱囊囊太后。原稱霸于漠南蒙古的林丹汗,在眾叛親離后死于青海大草灘,娜木鐘率1500戶部眾,歸順皇太極;侍珮O出于政治的需要,將其納為福晉,崇德元年,冊(cè)封為麟趾宮貴妃。其子博穆博果爾曾在皇太極死后成為福臨(后來的順治皇帝)皇位的最大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。后成為順治朝重臣,死后謚號(hào)襄昭親王。

  衍慶宮又稱為次東宮,是皇太極淑妃巴特瑪喿的寢宮,衍慶是福慶長(zhǎng)久之意。淑妃也來自阿巴垓部,為林丹汗竇土門福晉,林丹汗死后,與部眾歸順皇太極,崇德元年冊(cè)封為衍慶宮淑妃。其女,被皇太極嫁給多爾袞為妻,是多爾袞十位妻妾中六位蒙古族妻妾的之一。

  我們最后來看看皇太極一后四妃中地位最低的永福宮。永福宮位居五宮之末也稱次西宮,是皇太極后妃中名氣最大的莊妃居住的宮室。莊妃本名布木布泰,是蒙古科爾沁貝勒宰桑之女,崇德元年皇太極冊(cè)封后妃時(shí),年齡最小的布木布泰被尊為次西宮側(cè)福晉。如論及對(duì)清政權(quán)的鞏固發(fā)展與影響,莊妃的作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了其她四位后妃,被后人評(píng)價(jià)為清朝歷史上最有作為的后妃。莊妃是中宮皇后哲哲的親侄女,東宮宸妃海蘭珠的親妹妹,三人同出于蒙古科爾沁部。努爾哈赤最初打天下的蒙古科爾沁部落是他最強(qiáng)勁的對(duì)手之一。多次征戰(zhàn)互有勝負(fù),努爾哈赤覺得繼續(xù)打下去沒有好處,于是決定聯(lián)合蒙古科爾沁部。雙方一拍即合。于是最原始,最有效的方法聯(lián)姻被廣泛的使用。當(dāng)時(shí)還是皇子的皇太極和科爾沁部的哲哲成了親。聯(lián)姻最重要的就是要留下一個(gè)流淌著兩個(gè)家族血液的男性后代;屎笳苷軟]有完成這一使命。在老罕王努爾哈赤晚年,皇位爭(zhēng)奪激烈,四大皇子代善、阿敏、莽古爾泰、皇太極都對(duì)皇位存有野心。但是皇太極的妻妾中始終用沒有一個(gè)流淌有蒙古血液的兒子,這對(duì)他的政治地位很不利。他心急如焚。于是他跑到了科爾沁部想再找一個(gè)妻子,于是他選中了后來的莊妃布木布泰。年僅13歲的布木布泰嫁給皇太極,隨后的日子里布木布泰給皇太極生下了三個(gè)女兒。但是也沒有給皇太極生下一個(gè)兒子;侍珮O繼位以后和蒙古聯(lián)姻的事始終纏繞在他的心頭。他又一次來到科爾沁部娶了已經(jīng)26歲的宸妃海蘭珠。26歲在當(dāng)時(shí)是一個(gè)比較大的年齡。有人說海蘭珠此時(shí)是一位寡婦。不管怎樣皇太極還是娶了海蘭珠。海蘭珠不負(fù)眾望生下了一個(gè)兒子,可惜的是七個(gè)月后皇子夭折;侍珮O十分心痛,正值此時(shí)莊妃布木布泰給皇太極生下了一個(gè)兒子,皇太極十分高興,親自起名福臨,也就是后來的順治皇帝;侍珮O的一后四妃全部來自蒙古草原,都姓博爾濟(jì)吉特氏。由此可見皇太極對(duì)聯(lián)姻蒙古的重視程度。1643年皇太極在清寧宮突然駕崩,引起宮廷皇權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng),皇太極的長(zhǎng)子肅親王豪格(庶出)與皇太極十四弟睿親王多爾袞,互爭(zhēng)皇位相持不下。當(dāng)時(shí)正當(dāng)清軍挺進(jìn)中原,一統(tǒng)天下的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,莊妃在這緊要關(guān)頭,審時(shí)度勢(shì),利用自己的地位和中宮皇后的支持,聯(lián)合多爾袞推舉福臨繼位,多爾袞做輔政王,從而避免了險(xiǎn)些釀成的宮廷政變及清王朝的分裂。福臨登基,莊妃從此成為皇太后,開始了富有傳奇色彩的政治生涯。順治十八年,順治帝因出天花24歲在北京養(yǎng)心殿英年早逝。在莊妃的支持下,年僅八歲的皇三子玄燁繼位,即康熙皇帝。莊妃又被尊為太皇太后。莊妃在清初政權(quán)的鞏固和發(fā)展上,起到重要作用,例如在鏟除權(quán)臣鰲拜的過程中,莊妃在幕后為年輕的康熙皇帝出謀劃策。又如北方察哈爾部趁機(jī)叛亂,康熙帝在京師一時(shí)無兵可派,關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,是莊妃向康熙推薦了大臣圖海,統(tǒng)帥八旗健壯家奴組成的大軍,很快就平定了叛亂的察哈爾,一解康熙的后顧之憂。身為一**,莊妃還以身作則,克己奉公地支持兒孫成就大業(yè),康熙平定三番之亂時(shí),莊妃先后拿出宮中銀兩、緞匹犒賞官兵?滴醵,莊妃病逝,葬于河北遵化清東陵的昭西陵,享年75歲。成為清朝后宮中壽祿最長(zhǎng)的女人(其次慈禧74歲)。關(guān)于莊妃的傳聞?shì)W事特別多,比如莊妃勸明總督洪承疇降清、莊妃下嫁多爾袞等等。有的是出自民間的傳說,有的至今史學(xué)界還爭(zhēng)論不休。其實(shí)無論莊妃下嫁與否,都不能抹殺她在清朝歷史上的地位和作用,因此,莊妃稱得上是中國(guó)歷史上杰出的一代女性。

  皇太極一生妻妾十五人。除一后四妃以外。分別居住在清寧宮的兩側(cè)的房舍內(nèi)。我們來到清寧宮的后面。剛才我們說過了滿族民居的特點(diǎn)。大家還記得嗎?對(duì):“口袋房、萬(wàn)字炕、煙囪出在地面上”。我們剛才看過了口袋房和萬(wàn)字炕,我們馬上要看到的就是出在地面上的煙囪。在清寧宮后的這根煙囪是當(dāng)年沈陽(yáng)城內(nèi)唯一的一根煙囪。寓意“一統(tǒng)江山”。大家數(shù)一下煙囪有多少層???對(duì)一共有十一層,我告訴大家在十一層上面還有三塊磚。那么這什么講哪?問大家一個(gè)小問題:清朝有多少位皇帝,又有多少位是壽終正寢的???對(duì)清朝一共有12為皇帝。其中11位壽終正寢。末代皇帝溥儀只做了三年的皇帝。正好和這十一層零三塊磚“一統(tǒng)江山”吻合。

  穿過后門,我們來到了故宮的 “后苑”,也叫“御花園”。內(nèi)有碾房三間、磨房三間、倉(cāng)房二十八間,涼亭一座等。二十八間倉(cāng)建于康熙年間,歸盛京內(nèi)務(wù)府管轄,用作存放當(dāng)?shù)鼗是f交納的糧食,以備供給其所屬人丁口糧和做牲畜飼料。二十八間房中,有六間是通道門(稱“后宰門”),其余二十二間每間各一丈五尺左右,可盛放糧食六百倉(cāng)石(約合六十萬(wàn)斤)。碾房、磨房是為后宮皇帝及其后宮制作食物之用。

  從歷史記載中得知,乾隆年間以前,清寧宮院落中本沒有通往后面的門,因乾隆初次東巡前擬定要在清寧宮重開薩滿家祭,為便于給這項(xiàng)禮儀服務(wù)的人員出入宮區(qū),盛京地方官員特奏清皇帝批準(zhǔn),在清寧宮后墻西側(cè)新開一處“隨墻門”通往北面臺(tái)下,后來這座門便一直保留下來,至今猶存。由此人們可能會(huì)聯(lián)想到一個(gè)問題,即清人關(guān)前除鳳凰樓下層的正門外,是否還有其他進(jìn)出臺(tái)上宮區(qū)的通道?因?yàn)榘凑债?dāng)時(shí)的等級(jí)制度,在宮內(nèi)服務(wù)的“下人”屬奴仆身份,是不應(yīng)該與皇帝后妃一樣從正門出入的。1987年,這個(gè)謎終于被解開。沈陽(yáng)故宮在安設(shè)清了宮避雷針引線時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)東山墻下距地表較淺處有磚石砌筑的遺跡,經(jīng)繼續(xù)向下挖掘,竟出現(xiàn)了一條上部砌成拱形的“地道”,從臺(tái)上直通至臺(tái)后的地面。經(jīng)過分析認(rèn)為,這就是臺(tái)上宮區(qū)通往外部的另一個(gè)出入口,應(yīng)是清太宗時(shí)期伺候皇帝后妃的人進(jìn)出宮區(qū)之處,清入關(guān)初年,可能是出于安全方面的考慮將其堵塞填平,直到幾百年后才被發(fā)現(xiàn),如今這條通道已經(jīng)過修整重新開放,使由此走過的游客對(duì)當(dāng)年的宮廷生活又增添了幾分遐想。

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