warming up
1.aid n (1)幫助；援助 first aid 急救
(2)幫助者；有幫助的事物
An English-Chinese Dictionary is an important aid in learning the English. 一本英漢詞典是學(xué)習(xí)英語的重要工具。
習(xí)慣用語 do/ give/ offer first aid to sb.對(duì)某人進(jìn)行急救 go to sb’s aid援救某人
在某人的幫助下 with the aid of sb== with sb’s aid in aid of 支持，援助 raising fund in aid of the sick 募捐幫助病人 what's it all in aid of? 這是為了什么目的？
aid vt 幫助；援助 I aided him with money. 我資助了他。
help, assist, aid的區(qū)別
help, assist, aid這組動(dòng)詞同義詞的相應(yīng)名詞分別為 help (helper)，assistance(assistant), aid, 它們都有“幫助”的意思。
（1）help和另外兩個(gè)詞的差別在于，help 含有比較強(qiáng)的“目的”意義。如果你失眠，服安眠藥則有助于你入睡，這里包含著目的
A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs.
片刻之前，我妹妹幫我把我的一只舊書櫥抬上了樓。
May I help you to some more meat? 讓我再給你一些肉好嗎？
…but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.……
但是他光忙著撈金剛石，顧不上感到疼痛了。
（2）assist從詞源學(xué)角度講，是“站在旁邊”的意思，它清楚地包含著這種幫助只起著次要的作用
He assisted the professor in compiling the dictionary. 他幫助那位教授編了那本詞典。
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
接待她的那個(gè)店員不喜歡她的打扮。
（3）aid含有接受幫助者因?yàn)槿跣《枰獛椭囊馑肌?/p>
The Red Cross often aids flood victims. 紅十字會(huì)常常幫助受水災(zāi)的難民。
2.drown vt. , vi (1)把...淹死 (2)使?jié)裢? 淹沒; 浸濕 (3)消除(憂愁等); 解(悶) (4)使沉溺于; 使迷戀(in) (5)攙淡; 沖淡(飲料等); (加水)化開(生石灰); 往...里加太多的水
be [get] drowned淹死, 溺死; drown oneself投水(自殺); eyes drowned in tears淚汪汪的眼晴
drown one's cares in wine以酒解憂; be drowned in fishing對(duì)釣魚入迷了
The cheers of the audience drowned the professor's voice. 聽眾的歡呼聲淹沒了這位教授的聲音。
Don't drown my whisky. 不要在我的威士忌酒里加太多的水。
3.accident/ incident/ event
1). accident 指意外或偶然發(fā)生的事故，特別是不幸的，有損害性的事故。
e.g. He was killed in a traffic accident.
注：accident為可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞an,表示“一個(gè)”“一次”，習(xí)慣用語by accident為“偶然”，相當(dāng)于by chance.
e.g. I met her in the street by accident, yet she had a bad accident three days ago.
我在大街上偶爾碰見過她，然而三天前她卻遭遇了一場嚴(yán)重的事故。
2). incident 泛指不重要的事件，還可以指政治上有影響的重大事件。
e.g. I remember an incident that took place in Mr. Li’s class.我記得發(fā)生在李先生課上的一件事。
The Lugouqiao Incident broke out in July 7th, 1937. 1937年7月7日爆發(fā)了盧溝橋事變。
3). event 指重要事件，特別是有歷史意義的重大事件
How to develop the western part of China well is an important event.如何開發(fā)好中國的西部是一項(xiàng)重要的活動(dòng)。
4.choke vi, vt choked, choking (1)使窒息；悶死；使不能呼吸
The smoke from the stove almost choked me.爐子里發(fā)出的煙嗆得我?guī)缀跬覆贿^氣來。
The madman choked his own child to death.瘋子把他自己的孩子掐死了。
(2)塞��；堵塞；阻塞 The pipe was choked by cotton. 管子被棉花堵住了。
(3)（常與back連用）抑制，忍�。ㄅ瓪�、眼淚等）
5.catch fire: begin to burn be on fire: be burning
e.g. The house caught fire last night. The house is on fire.
注：catch fire 強(qiáng)調(diào)著火的動(dòng)作，為瞬間動(dòng)詞詞組，不可和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用，無被動(dòng)形式；be on fire 表靜態(tài)，作表語或定語，可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。
Ex: The forest caught fire last week. It is still on fire.
復(fù)習(xí)：1). set fire to sth./ set sth. on fire e.g. The robbers set fire to the bank after robbing.
2). play with fire 3). go through fire and water (for) 為…赴湯蹈火 4). be on fire for 對(duì)…充滿熱情
5). fire n. v. 著火，開槍，開除 (dismiss )
firework 煙火，煙火晚會(huì) fireplace 火爐 fireman/fire fighter 消防員 fire escape 太平梯
6.container n. 容器 contain vt.包含，容納 containment n. 包含
contain / include
e.g. The book contains 10 units. The book doesn’t include Unit 11.
Six were killed, including the boy. (連那小孩在內(nèi)六人喪生。)
7.electrical adj. 電的，與電有關(guān)的 (of/ concerned with electricity)
electricity n.電流 electric adj. 發(fā)電的，使用電的 （using electrical power） electronic adj. 電子的
I want to buy an electric fan. （可不講） This machine has an electrical fault. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器有電器故障。
Reading
1.upside n.上邊，上部 downside right side left side
upside-down adj/adv 1). 上下翻轉(zhuǎn)過來 e.g. hold a book upside-down 倒拿著書
2). <口>亂七八糟的，毫無條理的 e.g. He has an upside-down way of doing things. 他做事毫無條理。
Burglars had turned the house upside-down.. 竊賊把房子翻得亂七八糟。
2.as if/ though
1)引導(dǎo)的從句如果是事實(shí)過可能性大，多用陳述語氣。常于look, seem, taste, smell, sound,ect.搭配
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain. It seems as if the boy has lost his way.
2)從句如果是主觀想象或夸大比喻，與事實(shí)不合，常用虛擬語氣。
e.g. He looks as if he were ill.（其實(shí)沒�。� He walks as if he were drunk. 他走路的樣子象喝醉了。
He is a happy-go-luck(無憂無慮的) man as if he has no worries and cares in the world.
The young man with long hair looks as if he were a woman.
3.witness n. (1)(=eyewitness)目擊者; (在法庭上經(jīng)過宣誓的)證人 (2)[主要用于give witness, bear witness]證據(jù), 證明; 證詞 (3)[常省略定冠詞]【律】連署人, 證人
a witness of the accident 事件的目擊者;
These facts are a witness to his carelessness.這些事實(shí)證明了他的粗心。
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person.她替被告作證。
Witness vt. (1)親眼看見, 目睹 (2)連署, 簽名作證 (3)表明, 顯示 (4)證明 (5)經(jīng)歷
She witnessed the accident.她親眼看見該事故。 They witnessed the will.他們?cè)谶z囑上連署。
Her blush witnessed her agitation.她臉紅表示了她的激動(dòng)。
None could witness that he was present.沒有人能證明他在場。
He has witnessed many battles.他經(jīng)歷過多次戰(zhàn)爭。
4. count （count for）重要，(count sb/sth as) 認(rèn)為，看作，被視作
Every point in this game counts. 這場比賽每一場比賽都很重要。
The fact that she had apologized counted for nothing with him. 她已經(jīng)道歉，但他認(rèn)為這是沒有用的。
For tax purposes that money counts / is counted as income. 那筆錢算作收入，需要納稅。
[vn] I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作一個(gè)最親密的朋友。
[vn-adj] I count myself lucky to have known him. 我覺得很幸運(yùn)。
[vn-n] She counts herself one of the lucky ones. 她認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)幸運(yùn)者。
5.keep in mind
keep/ bear/ have sth in mind: remember sth She doesn’t seem to keep the matter in mind.
相關(guān)短語： change one’s mind e.g. Nothing will make me change my mind.
make up one’s mind e.g. I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor.
keep in touch with e.g. I keep in touch with my friend by internet.
keep in with 和…保持友誼 e.g. She still keeps in with her former husband.
5.calm vt. 使鎮(zhèn)定, 使平靜 The mother calmed her child. 母親使孩子安靜下來。
Calm vi. 鎮(zhèn)定下來, 平靜下來The crying child soon calmed down.哭鬧的小孩不多一會(huì)就安靜下來。
Calm adj 平靜的
The sea was calm after the storm. 經(jīng)過這場風(fēng)暴后，大海平靜下來了。
After the storm it became calm again.暴風(fēng)雨過后,天氣又恢復(fù)平靜無風(fēng)。
The sea was calm at the beginning of our voyage.我們出海時(shí),海上風(fēng)平浪靜。
He was calm when I told him the bad news. 當(dāng)我告訴他這個(gè)壞消息時(shí)，他很平靜。
n. the calm before the storm
同義詞 calm ，silent， quiet， still 都含 “平靜的”意思。
calm主要用于氣候、海洋“ 風(fēng)平浪靜的”, 也可指人表示“安靜的”、“鎮(zhèn)靜的”, 如:
The sky is blue, and the sea is calm.天空碧蘭, 海上風(fēng)平浪靜。
Although she was frightened, she answered with a calm voice. 雖然她害怕, 但還是用平靜的聲音回答。
quiet 指“沒有吵鬧聲的”、“ 沒有噪音的”,它強(qiáng)調(diào)“聲音很低、很少”或“全然無聲”, 如:
He had a quiet life.他過著寧靜的生活。
still 指“沒聲音的”、“沒動(dòng)靜的”, 常與躺（lie）、坐(sit)、站(stand)、保持(keep/remain)等靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用, 如: the still hours before dawn 黎明前的寂靜時(shí)刻。
The students sat still, listening to the teacher. 學(xué)生們一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐著聽老師講課。
silent 主要用于人，指人不說話、不作聲、沉默不語。
Do you know when to keep silent? 你知道何時(shí)保持沉默嗎？
考題 1. We must be __________ before danger. (A)
A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
2. The library permits________ talking. (B)
A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
6.panic n. 恐慌, 驚慌; 經(jīng)濟(jì)上的大恐慌
be in a panic在驚慌中; be seized with a panic驚慌失措; get up a panic 引起驚慌
cause a panic 引起恐慌
vi. 驚慌, 害怕 (panicked, panicked) panic over sth. 對(duì)某事感到驚慌
The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns. 人們聽到槍聲感到驚慌。
7. respond vi. (respond to sb/sth with sth )(formal)
I asked his name, but he didn’t respond.我問他叫什么名字，他沒回答。
She never responded to my letter. 她從來沒給過我回信。
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that the remained optimistic. 問到公司的未來的時(shí)候，經(jīng)理回答說他依然樂觀。
How did they respond to the news?他們對(duì)這則消息有什么反應(yīng)？
The car responds very well to the controls. 這輛汽車操縱自如。
response n. She made no response. 她沒有回答。
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response. 她那求救的呼聲沒有激起任何/激起一些/沒有激起什么…反映。
answer/ reply/ respond
answer 指以口頭，書面或其他方式回答或反應(yīng)
reply 正式用詞，多表示經(jīng)過考慮，一一答復(fù)所提的問題或論點(diǎn)
respond 正式用詞，表示“回答”用得較少，多指對(duì)外界刺激迅速而自然地作出反應(yīng)
8.conscious adj (1)有意識(shí)的；神志清醒的 (2)了解的；察覺的
consciously adv. consciousness n. 知覺
He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了傷，不過神志還清醒。
She was not conscious of his presence in the room. 她不曉得他在這房間里。(be conscious of sth./ that…) 察覺的 I was conscious of her presence.我知道她在場。
unconscious adj (1)失去知覺的 After she hit her head she was unconscious for several minutes.
她把頭碰了一下后昏迷了幾分鐘。
(2)無意的；不自覺的 I was unconscious of her presence.我不知道她在場。
9.on the way& in the way
in the way 障礙（阻止你到想去的地方的人或物）；on the way 在途中
e.g. Please don\'t stand in the kitchen door-you’re in the way. 你擋了我的路。
Let’s not stop too often on the way. 咱們別老在途中停留了。
其他詞組：by the way順便提一下；on the (one’s) way to 去…的路上；in this (that) way這樣（那樣）；by way of 途徑；in a (one) way在某種程度上
10.tip vt, vi -pp-
I tipped the bottle over and it broke. 我把瓶子弄翻了，瓶子摔破了。(常與over, up連用;打翻，使弄翻)
I tipped the table and the glasses fell off it. 我把桌子弄歪了，玻璃杯掉了下來。(使傾斜；弄歪)
(3)丟棄；倒掉 (4)（與into連用）把…倒入容器
tip n. 尖端，小部分，小物件 v. 給某物裝上尖頭，置于某物頂端
(have sth.) on the tip of one’s tongue
the tip of the iceberg 重要情況，重大問題等顯露出的小部分
e.g. His name is on t he tip of my tongue, but I just can’t think of.
The legs of the table were tipped with rubber. 桌子腿裝上了橡皮頭。
Tip: 輕拍/打/敲; 給…小費(fèi); 可能成功; 事先給某人警告或暗示
She just tipped the ball over the net. He tip the driver 5 Yuan.
She’s been tipped for promotion. 有人認(rèn)為她最可能得到提升。
Someone tipped off the police about the robbery.
tip n.小費(fèi); 有用的小建議;
He left a tip under his plate.
The teacher gives students some tips about how to study English.
11. slightly adv. 略微，稍微
a slightly different version 略有不同的說法。 We took a slightly more direct route. 我們選擇了一條略近的路。
I knew her slightly. 我對(duì)她略知一二。 ‘Are you worried?’ ‘Only slightly.’ 你擔(dān)心嗎？稍微有點(diǎn)。
slight adj. 輕微的, 微小的, 少量的;纖細(xì)的, 瘦小的
slight difficulty 小困難; a slight possibility of success很小的成功可能性
a slight girl苗條的女孩; a slight difference微小的區(qū)別
12.circulate vi, vt -lated, -lating (1)使循環(huán)；環(huán)流
The blood circulates round the body. 血液在體內(nèi)循環(huán)。
(2)散布；流傳；擴(kuò)散 Rumors circulated rapidly. 謠言迅速散布開來。
People who circulate false news are to be blamed.散布流言者該受遣責(zé)。
(3)隨意地到處走動(dòng)
The prince circulated from group to group at the party. 王子在宴會(huì)中穿梭于人群之間。
"The politician circulated at the dance party, talking to lots of people." "那個(gè)政治家在跳舞晚會(huì)上到處走動(dòng),同許多人交談。"
circulation n. 流傳，傳播（不可數(shù)）；發(fā)行額，銷售量（可數(shù)）；血液循環(huán)（可數(shù)或不可數(shù)） e.g. have (a) good/ bad circulation
13.revive vt, vi revived, reviving (1)復(fù)活；復(fù)蘇；再生
The fresh air soon revived him. 新鮮空氣很快就使他蘇醒過來了。
(2)再興；再用 to revive an old custom 恢復(fù)舊習(xí)俗
Our hopes revived.我們又有希望了。
These flowers will revive in water.這些花在水中會(huì)再活。
14.recovery recover 恢復(fù)+ -y名詞后綴 n -ies
(1) 收回；取回 (2)恢復(fù)；復(fù)原 (3)（經(jīng)濟(jì)）復(fù)蘇
She made a quick recovery after her illness. 她病后恢復(fù)得很快。
15.roll over 不及物動(dòng)詞詞組
e.g. The car was out of control and rolled over down to the river.
The years roll on.歲月流逝。 Roll the ball to me.把球滾給我。
其他詞組：get…rolling…使…取得進(jìn)展；keep the ball to rolling 使保持活躍；
roll in 大量涌來；start the ball rolling 使活躍起來
Grammar
1.sudden adj. suddenly adv.
They heard a sudden cry and wondered what was the matter. 他們聽到突如其來的叫喊聲，不知道出了什么事。
all of a sudden 突然，冷不防 sudden death 暴死
2.in honour of (= in sb’s /sth’s honor) adv.為紀(jì)念, 為慶祝
I have cooked a special meal in honor of our visitors. 我做了一道特殊的菜向我們的來客表示敬意。
in…of: in praise of贊美；in need of需要；in place of 代替；in case of 萬一；in front of在…(內(nèi)部)前面；in the front of在…(外部)前面；in favor of 支持
honor n (1)尊敬；敬重
(2)榮譽(yù)，名譽(yù)；信用 to win honor for one's motherland 為祖國爭光
(3)被引以為榮的人物 He's an honor to his parents. 他的父母以他為榮。
(4)（對(duì)法官等的尊稱）閣下，先生 Your Honor 閣下，先生
(5)（用于客套語中）榮幸
We request the honor of your company at dinner. 謹(jǐn)備便酌，敬請(qǐng)光臨（請(qǐng)柬用語）
考題 1.Miss Smith thought it a great _______ to be invited to speak to all of us. (D)
A. pleasure B. success C. happiness D. honor
2.Washington, a state in the United States was named ________ one of the greatest American presidents. (C) A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
Integrating skills
1.deal with
You dealt with that situation very cleverly. 你很巧妙地處理了那個(gè)艱難的局面。（處理，料理；attend to, manage sth.）
The next chapter deals with verbs.下一章討論動(dòng)詞。（討論,涉及到；take or have sth. as a subject, discuss sth.）
I hate dealing with large impersonal companies.我討厭和那些沒有人情味的大公司打交道。（與…打交道，與做生意；have social, business etc. relations with…）
另：deal with ab.: behave towards ab. 對(duì)付，對(duì)待
e.g. They try to deal politely with angry customers. 他們盡量對(duì)發(fā)怒的顧客彬彬有禮。
注：do with/ deal with/ get rid of
get rid of 表示“處理”，側(cè)重“消滅”“擺脫或清除”；deal with和do with 側(cè)重“處理”的手段，方法或方式。do后可接賓語，deal后不接賓語；do with常與what連用；deal with常與how連用。
e.g. If they are not coming, we can get rid of the tickets.如果他們不來了，我們可以把票處理掉。
How do you deal with matters of this sort？你是怎么處理這類事情的？
What did you do with the broken car? 你怎么處理那輛壞了的車的？
2.could have done
e.g. We could have helped that boy, even we were busy. 那天，即使我們很忙，我們本來也可以幫助那個(gè)男孩的。（本可以做，但事實(shí)沒有做）
He could have told his girl friend the secret. But I’m not very sure. 他或許已經(jīng)把這個(gè)秘密告訴他的女朋友了，不過我也并不確定。（或許已經(jīng)做過，表示對(duì)過去某事的推測）
2). must have done 一定已經(jīng)做過(表示對(duì)過去某事較有把握的推測)
e.g. They must have stayed up late night-all of them looks sleepy.
他們昨天晚上肯定熬得很晚了，他們看起來全都非常疲倦。
3). should have done/ ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做(卻沒做，表達(dá)一種強(qiáng)烈的遺憾，責(zé)備之意)
e.g. They should have handed in their homework yesterday.
昨天他們本該把家庭作業(yè)交上去的。
4). needn’t have done 本不應(yīng)該（但事實(shí)上已經(jīng)做了）
e.g. You needn’t have copied the exercise book. I have one more and I can give it to you.
你其實(shí)不必抄那本練習(xí)冊(cè)，我還有一本可以給你。
3.bite vt, vi bit, bitten, biting (1)咬 My monkey doesn't bite. 我的猴子不咬人。
The boy bit into the apple. 那個(gè)男孩子咬了一口蘋果。
(2)咬成（某種狀態(tài)）
The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers. 狗把我的褲子咬了一個(gè)洞。
(3)（蟲）叮 The mosquitoes are biting me. 蚊子叮我。
(4)（魚）咬餌 (5)抓緊；卡緊
The car's tires would not bite on the snow. 汽車輪胎在雪地里會(huì)打滑。
bite n (1)咬; (2)咬下的一塊 (3)食物 (4)咬傷
She was covered in insect bites. 她渾身是蟲子叮的傷。
This apple's good, do you want a bite? 這蘋果很好，你想來一口嗎？
He took a bite out of the pear.他咬了一口梨。
He hasn't had a bite (to eat) all day. 他整天都沒吃東西。
The children haven't had a bite to eat all day.孩子們一整天什么也沒吃過。
4.loose adj (1)沒加束縛的；自由的 (2)散裝的
"I bought these chocolates loose, not in a box.""我買的這些巧克力是散裝的,不是盒裝的。"
(3)不堅(jiān)固的，不牢的 (4)寬大的，肥大的（衣服） (5)疏松的
The ringleader of the gang had one hand loose but the other was tied to another robber's.
"匪首的一只手是松開的,但另一只手和另一個(gè)強(qiáng)盜的手捆縛在一起。"
(6)不精確的 (7)放蕩的 a loose woman 一個(gè)放蕩的女人
(8)無拘束的 a loose tongue 藏不住話的嘴（舌頭）
(9)隨便的；不嚴(yán)格的 a loose translation 不拘泥原文的翻譯
Loose play lost them the match. 不經(jīng)心的比賽使他們輸了。
loose vt loosed, loosing (1)放松；釋放
He loosened his collar of his overcoat.他解開了大衣領(lǐng)口。
(2)射（箭） (3)開，放（槍、炮） (4)使不受約束
Wine loosed his tongue. 酒后他說話隨便起來。
5.see a doctor看醫(yī)生see sb off 為某人送行see into調(diào)查,領(lǐng)會(huì)
see to sth處理某事 see to it that務(wù)必
6.call for需要,要求,邀請(qǐng),去請(qǐng)
call on sb拜訪某人 call at place去某地造訪 call sb up給某人打電話
call in a doctor請(qǐng)醫(yī)生=send for a doctor call on sb to do sth號(hào)召某人干call for sb to do sth請(qǐng)求某人干
call out for help大聲呼救make a phone call打電話
7.in case of 如果；萬一 In case of rain they can't go. 萬一下雨，他們就不能去了。
in case以防；可能；倘若 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太陽很利害，你就把帽子戴上。
in the case of 就…而言
e.g. It’s the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of him, the story is true.
我們把這類故事視為神話，但就他來說，這故事卻是真實(shí)的。
注：in case of/ in the case of + n./ pron. 不接從句
in case + 從句 He left early in case he should miss the train. In case of danger, you must be calm.
in any case無論如何, 總之; in good case健康, 生活富裕; in no case決不
in that case如果是那樣的話; in the case of 就...來說, 關(guān)于; in this case假如這樣的話
It /This/ That is not the case.情況不是這樣; 并非事實(shí)。
Step Ⅱ Grammar
虛擬語氣用法補(bǔ)充：
1. would rather 的虛擬用法：
Marry would rather (not) have a fresh-tasting toothpaste.
The mayor (市長) would rather have handled that press conference last week.
The kids would rather play outdoors than indoors.
The aged man would rather have participated in social service than amused himself by watching TV at home several years ago.
I’d rather you didn’t make any comment in the issue for the time being. (暫時(shí))
e.g. David would rather that Jim had called at Chinese Economic and Trade Exhibitions yesterday.
2. would as soon, would sooner, would prefer 表“希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備”要求用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞為過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砬闆r，謂語動(dòng)詞為過去完成時(shí)表示過去情況
I would just prefer you had returned the book to him yesterday.
3. otherwise, if only, suppose/ supposing 引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句表愿望，建議用虛擬語氣
e.g. If only I knew how to operate the internet phone. 要是我知道怎么打網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話就好了。
4. It is (high/ right/ about/ good) time + 從句用虛擬語氣（是…的時(shí)候）
It’s high time you stopped idling about and started looking for a job. 閑逛
5. but for…（要不是…）& without … 用在句首，引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句，時(shí)態(tài)隨句意改變
But for/ Without his uncle, the kid would have been drowned in the pool.
6. If it were not for… (要不是…) 與現(xiàn)在相反
If it were not for the fact that his father is on the board directors, he would never have a job.
If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a serious mistake.
7). but that + 從句（用虛擬語氣）
e.g. I would go by steamer but that I’m a poor sailor. 要不是因?yàn)闀灤�，我就坐船去了�?/p>
8). as it is & as it were
as it is 用在句首“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上，就目前的情況而言”
as it were 用在句尾“照現(xiàn)狀，照原樣”
Cao Yu is a sort of Chinese Shakespeare as it were.
Unit8 first aid
warming up
1.aid n (1)幫助；援助 first aid___________ (2)幫助者；有幫助的事物
An English-Chinese Dictionary is an important aid in learning the English.
習(xí)慣用語 do/ give/ offer first aid to sb.____ go to sb’s aid___ with the aid of sb== with sb’s aid_____
in aid of _____________ raising fund in aid of the sick what's it all in aid of? 這是為了什么目的？
aid vt 幫助；援助 I aided him with money. 我資助了他。
help,assist,aid的區(qū)別
（1）help和另外兩個(gè)詞的差別在于，help 含有比較強(qiáng)的“目的”意義。如果你失眠，服安眠藥則有助于你入睡，這里包含著目的
A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs.
May I help you to some more meat?…but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.……
（2）assist從詞源學(xué)角度講，是“站在旁邊”的意思，它清楚地包含著這種幫助只起著次要的作用
He assisted the professor in compiling the dictionary.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
（3）aid含有接受幫助者因?yàn)槿跣《枰獛椭囊馑肌he Red Cross often aids flood victims.
2.drown vt. , vi (1)_________ (2)____________ (3)消除(憂愁等); 解(悶) (4)使沉溺于; 使迷戀(in) (5)攙淡; 沖淡(飲料等); (加水)化開(生石灰); 往...里加太多的水
be [get] drowned____________ drown oneself___________eyes drowned in tears__________
drown one's cares in wine_______________ be drowned in fishing____________-
The cheers of the audience drowned the professor's voice. Don't drown my whisky.
3.accident/ incident/ event 的區(qū)別
4. count （count for）______，(count sb/sth as) _____________
Every point in this game counts. The fact that she had apologized counted for nothing with him. For tax purposes that money counts / is counted as income. [vn] I count him among my closest friends. [vn-adj] I count myself lucky to have known him. [vn-n] She counts herself one of the lucky ones.
4.choke vi, vt choked, choking (1)_________________
The smoke from the stove almost choked me The madman choked his own child to death.
(2)_______________ The pipe was choked by cotton.
(3)（常與back連用）抑制，忍�。ㄅ瓪�、眼淚等）
5.catch fire: _______________ be on fire:__________________
The forest caught fire last week. It is still on fire.
復(fù)習(xí)：1). set fire to sth./ set sth. on fire _________________2). play with fire ____________
3). go through fire and water (for)_________________4). be on fire for ______________
5). fire v. 著火，開槍，開除 (dismiss )
firework 煙火，煙火晚會(huì) fireplace 火爐 fireman/fire fighter 消防員 fire escape 太平梯
6.container n. 容器 contain vt.包含，容納 containment n. 包含
contain / include The book ___________10 units. The book doesn’t ____________Unit 11.
Six were killed, ___________the boy. (連那小孩在內(nèi)六人喪生。)
7.electrical adj. 電的，與電有關(guān)的 (of/ concerned with electricity)
_________ n.電流 __________adj. 發(fā)電的，使用電的 （using electrical power）_________ adj. 電子的
Reading
1.upside n.上邊，上部 upside-down adj/adv
1). ________hold a book upside-down 2). _______ He has an upside-down way of doing things.
Burglars had turned the house upside-down..
2.as if/ though 引導(dǎo)的從句什么時(shí)候用陳述語氣，什么時(shí)候又用虛擬語氣？
3.witness n. (1)(=eyewitness)______ (2)[主要用于give witness, bear witness]證據(jù), 證明; 證詞 (3)[常省略定冠詞]【律】連署人, 證人
a witness of the accident These facts are a witness to his carelessness.
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person.
Witness vt. (1)______________ (2)連署, 簽名作證 (3)表明, 顯示 (4)證明 (5)經(jīng)歷
She witnessed the accident. They witnessed the will. Her blush witnessed her agitation.
None could witness that he was present. He has witnessed many battles.
4.keep in mind keep/ bear/ have sth in mind: remember sth She doesn’t seem to keep the matter in mind.
相關(guān)短語： change one’s mind ________make up one’s mind__________keep in touch with _________keep in with _________________
5.calm vt. _____________ The mother calmed her child.
Calm vi.___________The crying child soon calmed down.
Calm adj The sea was calm after the storm.。 After the storm it became calm again.
The sea was calm at the beginning of our voyage. He was calm when I told him the bad news.
n. e.g. the calm before the storm
同義詞 calm ，silent， quiet， still 的區(qū)別
考題 1. We must be __________ before danger. A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
2. The library permits________ talking. A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
6.panic n. 恐慌, 驚慌; 經(jīng)濟(jì)上的大恐慌
be in a panic____________; be seized with a panic_______________; cause a panic __________
vi. 驚慌, 害怕 (panicked, panicked) panic over sth. ___________
The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns.
7. (respond to sb/sth with sth )(formal) _____________
I asked his name, but he didn’t respond. She never responded to my letter.
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that the remained optimistic.
How did they respond to the news? The car responds very well to the controls.
response n. ________ She made no response.
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response.
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response.
answer/ reply/ respond 的區(qū)別
8.conscious adj (1)_______________(2)_________________
consciously adv. consciousness n. 知覺
He is hurt but still conscious.
She was not conscious of his presence in the room. (be conscious of sth./ that…)
I was conscious of her presence.
unconscious adj (1)__________ After she hit her head she was unconscious for several minutes.
(2)_____________ I was unconscious of her presence.
9.on the way& in the way
in the way, on the way 的含義分別是什么？
e.g. Please don't stand in the kitchen door-you’re in the way.
Let’s not stop too often on the way.
其他詞組：by the way_____on the (one’s) way to _____；in this (that) way___by way of ____
in a (one) way__________
10.tip
I tipped the bottle over and it broke. (常與over, up連用;打翻，使弄翻)
I tipped the table and the glasses fell off it. (使傾斜；弄歪)
(3)丟棄；倒掉 (4)（與into連用）把…倒入容器
(have sth.) on the tip of one’s tongue
the tip of the iceberg 重要情況，重大問題等顯露出的小部分
The legs of the table were tipped with rubber. She just tipped the ball over the net.
He tip the driver 5 Yuan. She’s been tipped for promotion. Someone tipped off the police about the robbery.
He left a tip under his plate. The teacher gives students some tips about how to study English.
11. adv. __________
a slightly different version We took a slightly more direct route. I knew her slightly.
‘Are you worried?’ ‘Only slightly.’
slight adj._______________ slight difficulty ________ a slight possibility of success_______
a slight girl___________; a slight difference________________
12.circulate vi, vt -lated, -lating (1)_________ The blood circulates round the body.
(2)_________________ Rumors circulated rapidly. People who circulate false news are to be blamed.
(3)____________ The prince circulated from group to group at the party.
"The politician circulated at the dance party, talking to lots of people."
circulation n. 流傳，傳播（不可數(shù)）；發(fā)行額，銷售量（可數(shù)）；血液循環(huán)（可數(shù)或不可數(shù)） e.g. have (a) good/ bad circulation
13.revive vt, vi revived, reviving (1)____________The fresh air soon revived him.
(2)__________ to revive an old custom Our hopes revived.These flowers will revive in water.
14.recovery recover 恢復(fù)+ -y名詞后綴 n -ies
She made a quick recovery after her illness.
15.roll over 不及物動(dòng)詞詞組
The car was out of control and rolled over down to the river.
The years roll on.歲月流逝。 Roll the ball to me.把球滾給我。
其他詞組：get…rolling…_____keep the ball to rolling ____roll in _____start the ball rolling _____
Grammar
1.sudden adj. suddenly adv.
They heard a sudden cry and wondered what was the matter.
all of a sudden _____________
2.in honour of (= in sb’s /sth’s honor) _____________________
I have cooked a special meal in honor of our visitors.
in…of: in praise of____in need of_____in place of ____；in case of ____；in favor of ________
honor n (1)尊敬；敬重 (2)榮譽(yù)，名譽(yù)；信用 to win honor for one's motherland 為祖國爭光
(3)被引以為榮的人物He's an honor to his parents.
(4)（對(duì)法官等的尊稱）閣下，先生 Your Honor 閣下，先生 (5)（用于客套語中）榮幸
We request the honor of your company at dinner. 謹(jǐn)備便酌，敬請(qǐng)光臨（請(qǐng)柬用語）
考題 1.Miss Smith thought it a great _______ to be invited to speak to all of us.
A. pleasure B. success C. happiness D. honor
2.Washington, a state in the United States was named ________ one of the greatest American presidents. A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
Integrating skills
1.deal with 含義？與do with 區(qū)別是什么？
2.could have done，must have done, should/ought to have done, needn’t have done 的區(qū)別是什么？
3.bite vt, vi bit, bitten, biting (1)________ My monkey doesn't bite. The boy bit into the apple.
(2)_________________The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers.
(3)_______The mosquitoes are biting me.
(4)（魚）咬餌 (5)抓緊；卡緊 The car's tires would not bite on the snow.
bite n She was covered in insect bites. This apple's good, do you want a bite?
He took a bite out of the pear. He hasn't had a bite (to eat) all day.
The children haven't had a bite to eat all day
5.see a doctor______see sb off __________see into ________see to sth________see to it that______
6.call for________call on sb___________ call at place_____________call sb up____________call in a doctor__________=_____________call on sb to do sth____________call for sb to do sth___________call out for help_____________make a phone call___________
7.in case of _______ In case of rain they can't go.
in case_____________ Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.
in the case of ________e.g. It’s the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of him, the story is true.
in any case________________ in good case_____________in no case__________
in that case_______________ in the case of_____________ in this case___________-
It /This/ That is not the case.___________________