非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中作定語

在英語句子中，不定式to do，分詞v+ing 和v+ed 以及動(dòng)名詞v+ing 是非謂語動(dòng)詞，除不能作謂語外，其他成份都可擔(dān)當(dāng)，其中一個(gè)成份就是作定語。

不定式to do在句中作定語置于被修飾名詞后，常同該名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要是不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)加上必要的介詞。例：

I have something to say. (to say something )

I’ll give you a magazine to read.

That is a good company to work for.

He is a pleasant fellow to work with.

Would you bring me a bench to sit on?

有些名詞常接不定式作定語，如：chance ,time ,reason ,way ,effort ,right (權(quán)利), movement等，例：

You haven’t any reason to leave me.

You have no right to do such a thing.

He succeeded in his effort to overcome his fatal weakness.

He put himself out of the way to help others.

We have no time to lose..

Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech.

The first ,the last ,the second ,the best 等常與不定式連用作定語。例：

He is always the first to come.

She would be the last to agree to our plan.

You are the second to ask me that question.

I’ll do my poor best to fix it up.

當(dāng)to go ,to spare 作“剩下”講時(shí)可作定語。例：

He had five minutes to go before time was up.

They had only 100 dollars to spare.

不定式用在某些句子中作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，表示動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。例：

There are many difficulties to overcome.

= There are many difficulties that will have to be overcome.

He has a large family to support.

= He has a large family that he must support.

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語

現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中都可以作定語，但在語態(tài)和時(shí)間概念上有區(qū)別，在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過去分詞表被動(dòng)，在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞則表示動(dòng)作完成。例：

boiling water (主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)

boiled water (被動(dòng)、完成)

有時(shí)過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)，不表示完成的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作的完成，不表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。例：

the fallen leaves (動(dòng)作已完成)

developed countries (動(dòng)作已完成)

an interested party (被動(dòng))

單個(gè)分詞作定語置于被修飾詞前。例：

China is a developing country.

He lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.

America is a developed country.

有些單個(gè)分詞（尤其是現(xiàn)在分詞）作定語時(shí)也可以置于被修飾詞之后，特別如一些不定代詞 anything ,something ,everything ,nothing 等則應(yīng)后置。例：

the experience gained (獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn))

for the time being (暫時(shí))

for years running ( 一連數(shù)年)

She found the window open and something stolen.

There is nothing doing.

There is nothing interesting in today’s paper.

They can see everything happening on the line.

Is there anything interesting in the book?

分詞短語置于被修飾詞之后

The pen lying on the table belongs to you.

The boy making faces is my son.

I like songs performed by Mao Aming.

其實(shí)作定語的分詞短語可以擴(kuò)展為定語從句。如上述三句可改為：

The pen which is lying on the table belongs to you.

The boy who is making faces is my son.

I like songs which was performed by Mao Aming.

現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語表示一個(gè)（現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或者表示某經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例：

Can you see the star moving in the sky?

There is a piano standing in the corner.

如果分詞所表示的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上同謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作不一致，不能使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而應(yīng)使用定語從句。例：

I want to know the man breaking the window. (X)

Break 的動(dòng)作是先發(fā)生

上例不能用現(xiàn)在分詞，應(yīng)改為定語從句。如：….who broke the window.

Do you know anyone having lost money. (X)

Do you know anyone who lost money. (V)

因此我們就知道在那種情況下定語從句可以用現(xiàn)在分詞代替，即：定語從句動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間同主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間一致時(shí)。例：

Did you see the man (who was) talking to the headmaster?

The hospital which stands /standing across the street was set up last year.

(stands 表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性的狀態(tài))

過去分詞在時(shí)間上，表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之間，表示與句中謂語動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作；或表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用being +過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例：

Is this the book written ( which was written) by Henry James?

He was then a teacher respected ( who was respected ) by all his students.

The matter being discussed ( which is being discussed ) is of great importance.

He was invited to a meeting to be held ( which was to be held ) the next day.

動(dòng)名詞作定語

動(dòng)名詞單個(gè)詞作定語時(shí)也置于被修飾詞前，表示被修飾詞的用途、類屬等。例��；

a writing table = a table for writing (動(dòng)名詞)

a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping （現(xiàn)在分詞）

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming （動(dòng)名詞）

a waiting room = a room for waiting （動(dòng)名詞）

drinking water = water for drinking （動(dòng)名詞）

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. （動(dòng)名詞）

That is a shop dealing in walking stick. （動(dòng)名詞）

The sleeping child was in a sound sleep. （現(xiàn)在分詞）

All bedrooms in this hotel have hot cold running water. (現(xiàn)在分詞)

從上述看，單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作前置定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，表示被修飾名詞自身發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，而動(dòng)名詞和被修飾的名詞不表示這種關(guān)系，只表示與被修飾名詞的用途、類屬等。

動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語構(gòu)成的介詞短語可定語。例：

He is in the habit of rising early.

( of rising 修飾名詞habit )

She has a good idea of playing snowball.

( of playing 修飾名詞idea )

有些名詞有時(shí)也可接不定式和其接“介詞＋動(dòng)名詞”在意義上沒有區(qū)別。例：

That is the way of setting the problem.

That is the way to settle the problem.

這類名詞常用的有：

time for doing sth. Reason of doing sth.

Time to do sth. Reason to do sth.

Freedom in doing sth. Chance of doing sth.

Freedom to do sth. Chance to do sth.

Failure in doing sth. Patience in doing sth

Failure to do sth. Patience to do sth.

Choice of doing sth. Opportunity of doing sth.

Choice to do sth. Opportunity to do sth.

但有些名詞和purpose ,method ,idea ,habit 等后面只能接of + 動(dòng)名詞，不接不定式，有些名詞如promise ,effort ,desire ,attempt ,ability ,refusal ,determination ,failure 不接of + 動(dòng)名詞，但可以接不定式。例：

It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening. (不用……method to pass)

The old man is in the habit of reading the newspaper at breakfast. (不用……h(huán)abit to do )

Ｉdon’t trust his promise to come for a visit. （不用……promise of coming ）

She had persisted in her refusal to spend Christmas in Bursley . （不用……refusal of spending）

But his efforts to get her back were vain. (不用……efforts of getting)

[示例]

考題1　---What do you think of the middle school?

---It is a very good ___.

A. school to study B. School to study in

C. Studying school D. school for children to study

解析　從本題的答案看并結(jié)合提干的要求接上一個(gè)名詞school，后在這個(gè)名詞后面使用不定式作該名詞的定語，從答案中看給的不定式to study，在此是作不及物動(dòng)詞，因此不定式的后面應(yīng)加上一個(gè)介詞in才合乎題意，所以選Ｂ。

考題２　Snow was falling when they went along a mountain path ___ to the front.

A. to lead B. Led C. Leading D. being led

解析　據(jù)題意提干前有一個(gè)名詞path，其后是介詞組to the front ，即要求一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞和to the front連成現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾名詞path作定語，path名詞雖表示物不能使用過去分詞，是小路本身延伸到前線的，所以選Ｃ。

考題３　They set up an ____ table in a small temple to operate on the ___ soldiers.’

A. operating ;wounded B. Operated ;wounding

C. operated ;/wounded D. operating ;wounding

解析　據(jù)題意在第一個(gè)提干里應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞作tale的名詞的定語，修飾table，說明戰(zhàn)士是被槍擊傷的即受傷的士兵，表被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作，所以選Ａ。

［訓(xùn)練］

The cadre told me that he had a meeting ____.

A. to attend B. Attend C. Attending D. to be attended

He asked for a piece of paper ____ and a pen _____.

to write ;to write B. To write ;to write on C. To write on ;to write with D. writing ;writing

Are you going to the dinner party ____ at the hotel.

A. to give B. To be given C. Giving D. to giving

The man drinking ____ water was scalded (燙傷) by ___ water yesterday.

A. boiled ; boiled B. Boiling ;boiling C. Boiled ;boiling D. boiling ;boiled

Holding a ____ stick he went into the dark cave.

A. burn B. Burnt C. To burn D. burning

責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳