非謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)(一)
類 別 成分 功 能
不
定
式 主語 表句子說的什么(指具體動(dòng)作),常用it形式主語,不定式放在句末。For/of+邏輯主語
賓語 動(dòng)作的對象(具體含義),謂語動(dòng)詞的要求,一般表示稍后于謂語的動(dòng)作,表示個(gè)性動(dòng)作。
表語 表示主語的內(nèi)容或表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常在hope, wish, job, duty后?墒÷ to.
賓補(bǔ) 表示賓語要做的動(dòng)作活動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí),省不省to看動(dòng)詞。
定語 表示要做的事(尚未發(fā)生),常與名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(即被動(dòng)關(guān)系),不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞,后置。
狀語 表示目的(多前置),結(jié)果,原因等(多后置)。
動(dòng)
名
詞 主語 表示句子要說的什么(抽象動(dòng)作),很少用形式主語it,只限幾個(gè)特殊句型中。
賓語 表示動(dòng)作的對象(抽象動(dòng)作),還可做介詞的賓語(注意to后動(dòng)詞變化),動(dòng)詞的要求。
表語 表示主語的內(nèi)容,主語常用hope, wish, job, duty, task, etc. 和不定式有具體和抽象之分。
定語 表示名詞的用途、性能。
現(xiàn)
在
分
詞 表語 表示主語的特征(主動(dòng)概念,主語多是物)或和助動(dòng)詞be構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作。
賓補(bǔ) 表示賓語正在做的動(dòng)作,主動(dòng)關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)情景。
狀語 時(shí)間條件(在分詞前加when, while, if)、伴隨(句末)、補(bǔ)充說明(句中);與主語主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
定語 表示名詞性質(zhì)、特征或表示名詞所做的動(dòng)作(多表示進(jìn)行、主動(dòng))。
過
去
分
詞 表語 說明主語的狀態(tài)(被動(dòng)概念,主語多是人)或和助動(dòng)詞be構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)。
賓補(bǔ) 表示被動(dòng)、完成或說明賓語的狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。
狀語 表示原因、條件(句首),伴隨(句末);與句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
定語 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或被動(dòng)的。和現(xiàn)在分詞一樣,單個(gè)置前,詞組置后。
一、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做主語:
1、動(dòng)名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為,不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。例如:
Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論這個(gè)問題是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主語的句型有:
(1)It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
(2)It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型有:
It’s no good (use, fun, joy) doing.
It’s (a) waste of time doing.
It’s worth while(worth, good, nice, interesting, useless) doing.
二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞做表語:
1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他這節(jié)課的教學(xué)目的是要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說的能力。
2、動(dòng)名詞做表語是對主語內(nèi)容的解釋,這時(shí)主語與表語位置可以互換,動(dòng)名詞常用于口語中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
它的(指蟻后)的專職工作是產(chǎn)卵。
3、現(xiàn)在分詞做表語表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征;進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms.
(現(xiàn)在分詞做表語)
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
4、常用作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有:interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等,F(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行與主動(dòng)。
The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。
The problem is puzzling. 這個(gè)問題令人不解。
5、過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動(dòng)作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.
(過去分詞做表語)
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
He is well educated.(過去分詞做表語)
He has been educated in this college for three years.
(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
常用在句中做表語的過去分詞有:
used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。
6、注意如下動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞用法不同:
interest(使…感興趣),surprise(使…吃驚),
frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…興奮),tire(使…疲勞),please(使…滿意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),
satisfy(使…滿意),amuse(使…娛樂),
disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…歡欣鼓舞),
worry(使…憂慮)
它們的現(xiàn)在分詞常修飾物(有時(shí)修飾人),表示主動(dòng),過去分詞常修飾人,表示被動(dòng)(包括某人的look、voice等)。例如:
Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。
They are very tired. 他們很疲勞
After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.
三、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做賓語:
1、下列動(dòng)詞跟不定式做賓語:
want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。
2、在下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后用動(dòng)名詞做賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。
3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞意義不同,不定式表示謂語動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
He forgot to tell me to post the letter.(他忘了叫我發(fā)信。)
I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了在一個(gè)普通信封上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那枚珍貴的郵票。
Remember to write to us when you get there.
到那里,記得給我們寫信。
I don’t remember meeting him. 我不記得見過他。
I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party.
我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會了。
They regretted agreeing to the plan.
他們后悔同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂。
She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow.
她試著看看小說,但也不能使她忘記傷心事。
I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我沒有企圖傷害你。
A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報(bào)地幫助別人。
4、動(dòng)名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語時(shí),用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.
(或用:needs to be repaired)這臺洗衣機(jī)需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 這一點(diǎn)要提到。
This English novel is worth reading.
這本英文小說值得一讀。
The situation in Russian required studying.
俄國形式需要研究。
★ 四、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中做賓語補(bǔ)足語:
1、以下動(dòng)詞后跟不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語:
ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫(yī)生囑咐他再臥床休息幾天。
We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個(gè)職位。(注意hope后不跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。)
2、有些動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用不帶“to“的不定式,這些動(dòng)詞有:see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如:
We noticed him enter the house.
我們留意到他進(jìn)了那所房子。
The boss made them work twelve hours a day.
老板讓他們一天干12小時(shí)工作。
注意: 當(dāng)make、have不做“迫使、讓”講,而做“制造、有”解時(shí),跟帶有to的不定式做狀語。
Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday.
媽媽做了一個(gè)蛋糕給他慶賀生日。
He had a meeting to attend. 他有個(gè)會要開。
3、下列動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用分詞做賓補(bǔ):see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補(bǔ),要看分詞與賓語的關(guān)系。例:
We heard him singing the song when we came in.
當(dāng)我們進(jìn)來的時(shí)候,聽見他正唱那首歌。
We have heard the song sung twice.
我們聽過這首歌唱過兩遍了。
★ 五、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中做定語:
1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后,表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的某一特定動(dòng)作。例如:
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do.
他沒有房子住卻有好多活要干。
Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長是第一個(gè)到的。
2、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的區(qū)別:
動(dòng)名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途;現(xiàn)在分詞做定語,表示所修飾名詞進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
a walking stick 拐杖
(動(dòng)名詞做定語,意為a stick for walking)
a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂
(動(dòng)名詞做定語,意為a car for sleeping)
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
(現(xiàn)在分詞做定語,意為the sun which was rising)
the changing world 變化中的世界
(現(xiàn)在分詞做定語,意為the world which is changing)
3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別:過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在分詞做定語表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息
(意同a piece of news which disappointed us)
in the following years 在后來的幾年中
(意同in the years that followed)
a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士
(意同a woman who is dressed well)
a car parked at the gate 停在門口的小汽車
(意同a car which was parked at the gate)
★ 六、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中做狀語:
1、不定式做狀語,只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因:
He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
他匆忙趕到家中,發(fā)現(xiàn)錢被盜了。(結(jié)果狀語)
To make himself heard, he raised his voice.
為了被聽清楚,他提高了嗓門。(目的狀語)
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.
看到他的進(jìn)步,我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語)
2、分詞做狀語可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式:
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.
從山上看,這座城市很美。(條件狀語)
Coming into the room, he found his father angry.
當(dāng)走進(jìn)房間時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)父親生氣了。(時(shí)間狀語)
Being tired, they went on working.
雖然累了,但他們繼續(xù)工作。(讓步狀語)
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.
由于被大孩子打了鼻子,那個(gè)小男孩哭了。(原因狀語)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. (伴隨狀語)
他把一個(gè)手指放進(jìn)嘴里,嘗了嘗,笑了,看起來挺高興。
3. 分詞做狀語的四大注意事項(xiàng):
(1).現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別: 一般來說, 現(xiàn)在分詞表 示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行; 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成. 試比較:
The enemy fled in a panic ,leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened , the enemy fled in a panic.
[分析]: 前一例中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句子中做伴隨狀語,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系;后一句中的過去分詞defeated 和frightened 表原因,它與其邏輯主語the enemy 之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系.
(2) 關(guān)于邏輯主語的問題: 分詞作狀語時(shí),一般情況下,其邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語保持一致.如:
Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.
Compared with him, you are luckier.
Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help .(上海 2001,28)
Having suffered from hear trouble for years , Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
(上海 2001春,38)
Having suffered such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001,35)
[分析]:前四例中, 分詞的邏輯主語均為主句的主語.最后一例中,have suffered 的邏輯主語是the river ,并不是主句的主語it .這種用法極為少見,有的語法家稱其為垂懸分詞,我們在學(xué)習(xí)中不宜模仿.
(3) 分詞的否定式基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:not + doing / done, 無論在完成式還是被動(dòng)式里,not 必須置于分詞之前.如:
Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.
(4) 分詞(短語)的功能有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句.根據(jù)這個(gè)性質(zhì),我們在使用分詞作狀語時(shí),切記:
A. 不要在前面或后面的句子前用并列連詞but, and, so連接
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll fell very comfortable .(X)
[分析]:如前所述,現(xiàn)在分詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句,所以后半句中的連詞so 的使用是錯(cuò)誤的,應(yīng)該去掉.原句應(yīng)改為:
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn , you’ll fell very comfortable.
B. 可在前面加上though, even if, if, whether, once, until, on, when, while, (較常見) after, before, since, whenever,以示含義更加明確。 如:
When telephoning in London numbers from abroad, dial 1, not 01.
C. 可在前面加上thus 以示強(qiáng)調(diào)
It rained heavily, thus causing severe flooding in the country.
七. 某些分詞固定詞組
generally speaking / considering / judging by (from)
Judging by his accent, he must be from Guangdong.
Generally speaking, the conference is quite successful.
八.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
在用分詞作狀語時(shí),它邏輯上的主語要和句子的主語一致。但有時(shí)也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語,由代詞或名詞的主格擔(dān)任,稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
1. 代詞或名詞主格+分詞
Weather permitting, we’ll go by boat.
The boy turned to the man, his eyes opened wide.
2. with+賓語+分詞
In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at any other person.
He stood for a moment with his eyes fixed on the apple.
責(zé)任編輯:李芳芳