四川宜賓珙縣第一高級(jí)中學(xué) 何秀君
關(guān)鍵詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
學(xué)生進(jìn)入高中階段，在應(yīng)用學(xué)習(xí)上如何正確使用動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式是他們最困難的事情。初中階段英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)，所涉及的主要是動(dòng)詞的位于形式，而動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式則是高中階段的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)。很多學(xué)生在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)已經(jīng)感到吃力，現(xiàn)在要學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的非位于形式，更讓他們煩惱。如何各有效地知道他們學(xué)習(xí)，幫助他們克服困難，度過(guò)難關(guān)，是我們英語(yǔ)老師義不容辭的責(zé)任。先將自己在教學(xué)中的一些做法作一介紹，與同行探討。
非限定動(dòng)詞即非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，是那些不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，在人稱和數(shù)方面不受主語(yǔ)限定的，具有名詞、形容詞 和副詞的某些特征的動(dòng)詞形式，是不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的總稱。要想掌握非限定動(dòng)詞，首先要熟悉英語(yǔ)的句 子成分、時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)等，然后再了解非限定動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)、形式、作用及區(qū)別等。當(dāng)然還要做些相關(guān)的習(xí)題。要著重掌握以下內(nèi)容。
一.非限定動(dòng)詞的否定
not須加在非限定動(dòng)詞之前。加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣時(shí)用never代替not。
1. 不定式的否定形式：I promised not to be late. You'd better not say that again.
2.動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：Please excuse his not writing to you.
3.分詞的否定形式：Not having done his job, he is not allowed to go out.
4.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)的否定形式：Though never defeated in battle, they finally surrendered.
二.非限定動(dòng)詞的完成式、進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式及被動(dòng)式
1.完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)（或本應(yīng)）完成，往往強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have woken you up.
He intended to have come yesterday.
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again.
2.進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（或反復(fù)發(fā)生），有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)某種情感。
I pretended to be reading the newspaper.
I don't want you to be forever finding fault with me.
3.完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行（或反復(fù)發(fā)生，往往與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
Having been standing the whole morning,
I felt so tired.
I'm sorry to have been troubling you all the time.
4.非限定動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)式。
I want this to be done again.
I object to being criticised so stupidly.
The letter written by Tom was funny.（過(guò)去分詞只有一般式，但自身有被動(dòng)意義。）
三. 主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法
1.動(dòng)名詞用于need, require, want（需要），demand 以及deserve之后要用主動(dòng)式。
My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.
2.動(dòng)名詞用于worth之后要用主動(dòng)式。
The book is worth reading.
3.動(dòng)名詞在past（超過(guò)）、for（適合于）、beyond （超過(guò)）等介詞后要用主動(dòng)式。
Those trousers are past mending.
This is a room for sleeping in.
4.當(dāng)不定式作定語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)又是不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，能常用主動(dòng)式。
I have letters to write.我要寫幾封信。（我寫-主謂關(guān)系）
5.當(dāng)不定式作表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)又是不定式的動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)式。
The book is easy to read.= It is easy to read the book. （讀書-動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）
四、不定式不帶to的用法
1.不定式用于Why和Why not 之后不帶to。
Why spend so much money?
Why not ask Susan to help you?
2.當(dāng)介詞except、but前有do、did、does 時(shí)， 其后的不定式不帶to。
Can't you do anything but ask silly questions?（有do，無(wú)to）
試比較：There's nothing to do but wait.
There's no choice but to wait.（無(wú)do，需要to）
3.不定式在had better／rather 、 would rather／sooner, rather／sooner than等短語(yǔ)后不帶to。
You'd better try again.
I'd rather be told the truth than be lied to.
4.不定式作have、make、let、feel、see、watch、notice、 hear、listen to、look at等動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)） 的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足式不帶to，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)（即被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后）則要帶to。
Her parents wouldn't let her go out alone.
I heard him say that he was tired.
試比較：He made me move my car.（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）
I was made to move my car.（作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）
五.不定式的幾種用法
1.有些名詞要用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如need、decision、right、way、wish等。
You did right to tell me the truth.
He expressed a wish to be alone.
2.名詞或代詞前有best、only、next、last、first時(shí)， 要用不定式作定語(yǔ)。
I was the only one to arrive on time.
He's always the first (person) to come and the last to leave.
3.不定式可與whether或疑問(wèn)句（why除外）構(gòu)成復(fù)合式，作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。
He'll tell you what to do.（作賓語(yǔ)）
When to start is undecided.（作主語(yǔ)）
4.進(jìn)行時(shí)后面可跟不定式，卻不能跟動(dòng)名詞。
It's starting to rain.
I'm going to tell you a story.
5.有些動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）要用不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如hope，decide，expect，manage等。
He hoped to win the contest.（賓語(yǔ)）
注意：不定式不能作hope和suggest的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
We wanted the dinner to taste good.（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）
六.動(dòng)名詞的幾種用法
1.介詞（except，but除外）后面要用動(dòng)名詞。 尤其要注意介詞to。
What about sending her a postcard?
I'm looking forward to seeing Ann.
2.有些動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)�，F(xiàn)總結(jié)歸納如下
建議（advise/suggest） 完成 (finish) 練習(xí)(practice)
喜歡(enjoy) 考慮 (consider) 感激(appreciate)
想象 (imagine) 原諒(excuse) 錯(cuò)過(guò)(miss)
允許 (allow/permit) 介意(mind) 逃/避(escape/avoid)
禁不住 (can not help ) 想要(feel like) 阻止(keep/stop/prevent sb from ) 推遲 (put off) 習(xí)慣(be/get used to) --無(wú)用(It no use/good)
希望 (look forward to) 堅(jiān)持 (insist on) 反對(duì) (object to) 忙于(be busy) 放棄(give up) --值得(be worth)
He dislikes seeing you with me.
Paula has given up smoking.
3.有些句型要求用動(dòng)名詞。 如there's no sense/point in , have（no）difficulty（或 trouble），have a hard time, be busy等。
It's no use worrying.
This clock is hardly worth repairing.
試比較：I had difficulty finding it.
It was difficult for me to find it.
4.動(dòng)名詞前可用名詞或代詞作其邏輯主語(yǔ)，在句首用屬格，不定代詞或短語(yǔ)用通格。
Do you mind my smoking?（在非正式場(chǎng)合可用賓格me 取代屬格my）
George's（或His）making fun of people got him into serious trouble.（屬格）
I can't imagine Frank and Mabel paying so much for a piano.（通格）
七.分詞的幾種用法
1.現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行的意義，過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)或完成的意義。
I found the man standing at the door.（正站著-主動(dòng)）
The man injured by the bullet was taken to hospital.（已受傷-被動(dòng)）
2.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；若是承受者時(shí)，則是過(guò)去分詞。
Sitting here, I can see the hills.
Seen from here, the tower is tall.
3.分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示特性用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示狀態(tài)用過(guò)去分詞。
The news was surprising. We were surprised at the news.
4.“名詞（代詞的賓格）＋分詞”稱作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”，其作用相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句。
It being Sunday, the library was closed.（相當(dāng)于As it was Sunday......）
八.非限定動(dòng)詞的用法辨析
1.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的行為執(zhí)行者時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成不定式，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行或?qū)⒊霈F(xiàn)用現(xiàn)在分詞；若是 承受者時(shí)，則用過(guò)去分詞。
We saw him leave the house.（已走出）
She noticed him waiting there.（正在等）
He had me swimming in a week.（去游泳）
I heard her praised then.（受表?yè)P(yáng)）
2.有些動(dòng)詞的口語(yǔ)要用動(dòng)名詞，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)卻要不定式。 如admit、advise、allow、authorise、encourage 、 forbid 、 permit 、recommend等。
We don't allow smoking in our house.（用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)）
He doesn't allow me to use the telephone. （用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）
3.有些詞（組）后面要跟不定式，有些則要跟動(dòng)名詞。試比較：
I would like to see that film.
Do you feel like going out?
The letter failed to arrive.
He succeeded in solving the mystery.
It took hours (for her) to get it.
He spent hours reading last night.
4.有些詞（組）后面既可跟不定式，又可跟動(dòng)名詞，但含意不同。如remember、mean、learn等。
I now regret saying what I said.（后悔）
We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job.（抱歉）
The minister went on talking for two hours.（連續(xù)）
Having explained the theory, he went on to show us how to do it.（接著）
5.有些搭配容易混淆。試比較：
To teach is to learn twice.(To do...is to do...)
Teaching is learning twice.(Doing...is doing...)
I prefer driving to travelling by train.(prefer doing...to doing...)
I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.(prefer to do...than do...)
I would prefer to drive there.(would prefer to do...)
I used to live alone.（sb. used to do...某人過(guò)去常常...）
The cloth is used to clean the desk.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
She is used to driving on the left.（used 可換成accustomed習(xí)慣于...）