非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞（不能作謂語用）包括不定式、分詞及動名詞。
一、 動詞不定式
1．常用形式：一般主動式to do, 一般被動式to be done
完成主動式to have done, 完成被動式to have been done
進行式to be doing
2．語法功能：可作主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語和狀語（即除謂語之外的各種成
分）。例如：
1）主語：To master a foreign language is very important.
2）表語：My job is to drive them to the company every day.
3）賓語：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
4） 賓補：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
I didnt notice them come in.
注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等動詞后作賓補的動詞不定式不帶to, 但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)以后（即不定式作主補時）要帶to, 其中l(wèi)et sb. do sth. 變?yōu)楸粍邮綖閟b. is let do sth.
help（幫助）后作賓補的動詞不定式可帶to，也可不帶to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.
5） 定語：不定式位于所修飾的名詞，代詞之后，如：Who was the first one to set
to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6）狀語： in order to
A．目的狀語：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.
to
注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
B．原因狀語： Im glad to see you . 注：這種“be＋形容詞＋不定式”結構，其不定式有時也可視為賓語，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.
C．結果狀語：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們一直活到見到家鄉(xiāng)解放。
△在“too…to…”結構中表“太…結果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非�！薄ⅰ昂堋币�，此時不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運去國外訪問。
另外，too后如果是happy, glad之類形容詞時，不定式也表肯定意，
如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
△在“形容詞/副詞＋enough＋不定式”結構中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .
3．復合結構不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。for 本身無意義，sb.可稱之為不定式的邏輯主語。例如：I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（復合結構不定式作賓語）
注：當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質或特征時，不用for, 而用of,
如：It is kind of you to help me .（相當于You are kind to help me .）這類形容詞有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不禮貌）等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：Its right/wrongg for him to do the work alone.
4．疑問詞＋不定式：可作主語、表語或賓語。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主語）We dont know when and where to go .（賓語）
5．動詞不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），語法功能同不定式肯定式。
6．不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關系：
1）一般式：表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動作之后，或
沒有時間限制。例如：
They often watch us play table tennis.（與謂語動作同時）
She hopes to go there again.（在謂語動作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（無時間限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（無時間限制）
2）完成式：表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）進行式：表示正在發(fā)生的動作且與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。例如：
She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.
7．不定式的被動式：名詞、代詞為不定式的邏輯賓語時，一般用不定式被動式，
例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.
注：關于不定式的主動式表被動義用法參見《動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)》一講。
一、 分詞
1．分詞形式：有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。過去分詞只有一種形式，現(xiàn)在分詞則有：
一般主動式doing, 一般被動式being done, 完成主動式having done,完成被動式having been done
2．語法功能：在句中作定語、表語、賓補、狀語。
3．現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：
1）語態(tài)不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動概念，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。例如：the moving film 動人的電影，the moved girl 受感動的姑娘，a running machine 一臺轉動的機器， a stolen car 一輛被盜的汽車
注：關于心理狀態(tài)動詞的－ing形式表主動意，－ed形式表被動意，詳見該講后的專題。
2）時間關系上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表正在進行的動作，過去分詞往往表已經(jīng)完成的動作。
例如：a developing country 發(fā)展中的國家，a developed country發(fā)達的國家
4．現(xiàn)在分詞的基本用法：
1） 一般主動式用法：
A．作定語：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)
The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)
B．作表語：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.
C．作賓補：學用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等動詞之后。
例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework all day.
注：上述動詞后跟不定式作賓補表示動作的過程，而不是正在進行中的動作，而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補則表示正在進行中的動作。例如：I heard them singing in the room
when I passed it.(singing不可改為sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改為singing)
have sb. do sth. 與have sb. doing sth. 的區(qū)別：前者have＝let, 后者have 有時表“keep”意，有時表“employ（雇用）”意。如：
Ill have him go with me.我將讓他和我一塊去。
Ill have him working in my compary.我將雇用他在我的公司里工作。
Dont have the machine working all day .不要讓機器整天工作。
D．作狀語：
①時間狀語：Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life.
②原因狀語：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴隨狀語：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
2）完成主動式用法：
這種分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，一般在句中作時間或原因狀語用，不能作定語用。例如：
Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.
3）一般被動式用法：
表示正在發(fā)生的被動動作，在句中作定語或狀語。
例如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car cant be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired,the car cant be used.)
4）完成被動式用法：
表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的被動動作，在句中多作狀語，不能作定語。
例如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.
5．過去分詞的基本用法：
1）作定語：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2）作表語：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.
3）作賓補：You must have your hair cut.
4）作狀語：Given more time ,we can do the work much better.
6．獨立主格結構：
當分詞有它自己的獨立主語（不同于句子主語的名詞或代詞）時，則是一種獨立
主格結構形式，在句中作狀語、定語等。例如：
The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(＝When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(＝There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)
7．使用現(xiàn)在分詞的幾個注意點：
(1)作狀語用的現(xiàn)在分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事，例如：
Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）
(Standing＝When we stood)
Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（誤）
Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found
＝After/When they had found）
Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（誤）
(2)短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）的現(xiàn)在分詞被動式不可作賓補或定語。例如：
He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改為being knocked down或having been knicked down)
Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改為being bought或having been bought)
<2>現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞用法的區(qū)別：
現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞都有被動意，但其用法是有區(qū)別的：
(1) 作賓語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式表示一個正在發(fā)生的被動動作，過去分詞則表示一個已發(fā)生過的被動動作或沒有時間性的狀態(tài)。例如：
Do you see the hospital there?
你看見了那邊那個 醫(yī)院嗎？
The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在蘇伊士運河處與亞洲相連的洲是非洲。（句中connected無時間性）
(2) 作原因狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞可以互換。例如：
Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.
(3) 作方式或伴隨狀語，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式，而用過去分詞。例如：
The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(4) 作時間狀語，若動作先于句子的謂語動作，且有具體過去時間，不可用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式或完成被動式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果沒有具體過去時間狀語，可用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：
Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要強調分詞狀語的動作發(fā)生的時間在謂語動作之前，則宜用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式，而不用過去分詞。例如：
Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用過去分詞作賓補，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式或不定式被動式作賓補。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改為being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改為being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等動詞后，多用過去分詞作賓補，少用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式作賓補。例如
The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不說being heard)
He wanted his house painted.(一般不說being painted)
8.心理狀態(tài)動詞的-ing形式與-ed形式
所謂心理狀態(tài)動詞是指含有使動意，使人產(chǎn)生某種情感、心理變化的動詞。如：surprise使驚訝；interest使感興趣。它們的-ing形式含主動意義，-ed形式含被動意義。皆可視為形容詞。例如：surprising令人驚訝的，interesting令人感興趣的；surprised（因…）感到驚訝的，interested（因…）感到興趣的。下面的句子可顯示兩者的區(qū)別：
The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
She was much surprised at the surprising news.
已學的心理狀態(tài)動詞有：astonish,bore(使厭煩),delight,disappoint,
discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感動)，please（使高興）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使?jié)M意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲勞）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry
它們的-ing形式多和物連用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一個令人厭煩的報告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。
它們的-ed形式多和人連用，如：an excited girl,/Im tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人連用，-ed形式和物連用的現(xiàn)象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的領袖，an amusing girl一個討人喜歡的女孩，a puzzled expression一種迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了驚嚇的聲音說著話。
三、動名詞
1． 形式同現(xiàn)在分詞，有四種。
2． 動名詞的基本用法：
1）作主語：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /it isnt necessary explaining to him. /Its no use waiting here.
2） 作表語：My hobby（愛好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.
3） 作賓語：When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isnt worth teaching.
注 有些動詞后只能跟不定式作賓語。有些動詞后只能跟動名詞作賓語，有些動詞后跟不定式。動名詞作賓語含義不同。詳見第6點。
4） 作定語：This is her fathers walking stick.
3． 動名詞的復合結構：形式：his/him working there,Wang Dongs/Wang Dong working
there
語法功能：
1） 作主語：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（動名詞的復合結構在句首作主語時，只能用sbs的形式，此句中的Your不可改為You。）
2） 作賓語：I dont like his/him staying with us.
3） 作表語：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改為him）
4． 動名詞的完成式：
動名詞的一般式所表示的動作為一種時間要領不強的或泛指的動作，或是與句中謂語同時發(fā)生。或在謂語之后發(fā)生的動作。
如果動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，則要用完成式。例如：
We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等動詞之后，某些介詞后，或某些習慣用語中，用動名詞的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：
I remember him some money before.
He forgot me that. /After finishing his homework,he
went out for a walk.
5． 動名詞的被動式
如果動名詞的邏輯主語為動名詞所表示動作的承受者，這個動名詞就要用被動式。
例如：The problem is far from being settled.
動名詞的完成被動式往往用一般被動式來代替，以免句子顯得累贅。例如：
I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.
6． 動名詞與不定式作主語、賓語的用法比較
<1> 作主語：
(1)多數(shù)情況兩者可以互換。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is
difficult.
(2)如果表示一種具體、短期的行為，或表示將來的行為，宜用不定式。例如：
It took him two hours to finish the work.
To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一種經(jīng)常性、習慣性的行為，一般用動名詞。例如：
Getting up early is a good habit.
<2>作賓語：
(1) 有些動詞跟不定式、動名詞作賓語皆可，意義也差不多，主要有：begin, start,
continue, love, prefer等。
(2) 有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,
decide.
(3) 有些動詞后只能跟動名詞作賓語，已學過的這類詞有：finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, cant help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延遲）＝delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些動詞后跟不定式、動名詞意義有明顯差別，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
A.forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have
done sth.
B.remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 remember doing sth.記住做過某事
C.regret to do sth. 遺憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
D.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的狀語）
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
E.mean to do sth. 決意／打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事
F.try to do sth. 努力／設法去做某事
try doing sth. 試圖／嘗試用某一方法做某事
G.want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事
want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…
H.go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做相同的事
7．使用現(xiàn)在分詞的幾個注意點：
(1)作狀語用的現(xiàn)在分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事，例如：
Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）
(Standing＝When we stood)
Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（誤）
Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found
＝After/When they had found）
Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（誤）
(2)短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）的現(xiàn)在分詞被動式不可作賓補或定語。例如：
He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knicked down不可改為being knocked down或having being knicked down)
Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改為being bought或having been bought)
<2>現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞用法的區(qū)別：
現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞都有被動意，但其用法是有區(qū)別的：
(5) 作賓語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式表示一個正在發(fā)生的被動動作，過去分詞則表示一個已發(fā)生過的被動動作或沒有時間性的狀態(tài)。例如：
Do you see the hospital there?
你看見了那邊那個 醫(yī)院嗎？
The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在蘇伊士運河處與亞洲相連的洲是非洲。（句中connected無時間性）
(6) 作原因狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞被動式與過去分詞可以互換。例如：
Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.
(7) 作方式或伴隨狀語，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式，而用過去動詞。例如：
The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(8) 作時間狀語，若動作先于句子的謂語動作，且有具體過去時間，不可用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式或完成被動式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果沒有具體過去時間狀語，可用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：
Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要強調分詞狀語的動作發(fā)生的時間在謂語動作之前，則宜用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式，而不用過去分詞。例如：
Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用過去分詞作賓補，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式或不定式被動式作賓補。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改為being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改為being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等動詞后，多用過去分詞作賓補，少用現(xiàn)在分詞被動式作賓補。例如
The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不說being heard)
He wanted his house painted.(一般不說being painted)
8.心理狀態(tài)動詞的-ing形式與-ed形式
所謂心理狀態(tài)動詞是指含有使動意，使人產(chǎn)生某種情感、心理變化的動詞。如：surprise使驚訝；interest使感興趣。它們的-ing形式含主動意義，-ed形式含被動意義。皆可視為形容詞。例如：surprising令人驚訝的，interesting令人感興趣的；surprised（因…）感到驚訝的，interested（因…）感到興趣的。下面的句子可顯示兩者的區(qū)別：
The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
She was much surprised at the surprising news.
已學的心理狀態(tài)動詞有：astonish,bore(使厭煩),delight,disappoint,
discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感動)，please（使高興）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使?jié)M意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲勞）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry
它們的-ing形式多和物連用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting.a boring report(一個令人厭煩的報告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。
它們的-ed形式多和人連用，如：an excited girl,Im tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人連用，-ed形式和物連用的現(xiàn)象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的領袖，an amusing girl一個討人喜歡的女孩，a puzzled expression一種迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了驚嚇的聲音說著話。
非謂語動詞考點分析
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until
1919.(NMET)
A.first playing B.to be first played
C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根據(jù)題干，必須選表示被動的選項，故排除A、D；因B選項表“將要被舉行”意， 不
合題干之用，只有C選項（相當于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport
in the world.(NMET)
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是謂語動詞，在此不可用。D項to make或表目的，或表“將要使得”，這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語，表結果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風雪所阻，因而耽誤了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.(NMET)
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根據(jù)this evening,應選表示將來義的選項，C、D應排除。Take后無賓語，必然要用被動式，故答案為A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.(NMET)
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式，可定答案為A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.(NMET)
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D兩項；又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．--I usually go there by train.
--Why not ______ by boat for a change?(NMET)
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go，則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據(jù)題干對話內(nèi)容，乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣，所以答案仍為D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.(NMET)
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not
C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非謂語動詞的否定式not應置于首位，B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達先于decided
的動作，只有選C項才表沒收到信在先，決定再寫信在后，所以C為正確答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.(NMET)
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考慮”意時，其后動詞用doing形式，此處不表“考慮”，而表“認為”，
這時consider后作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。
據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意，不合題用，只有C表“發(fā)明了”意，才合題用，故選C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀請參加晚會”，應選表被動意的選項，B不可用。D項少引導詞who，也應排除。
又因短暫動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞被動式不可作定語，C也應排除，只有A.invited(＝who were
invited)才是正確答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.(NMET)
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主動意，應排除。C表“將要被捆綁”，A表“正在被捆綁”都不合題意，只有D項填入空白才能表達“雙手被反綁著”這一意思，符合題干情景。再看一類似例句：
He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了進來。