定語(yǔ)從句
一。I 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2） whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車(chē)壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
II. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。
III.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過(guò)的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。
判斷改錯(cuò)：
（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對(duì)） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（對(duì)） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 （ where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ)） 。
IV. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1） 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性?xún)煞N。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的。（非限制性）
2） 當(dāng)先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買(mǎi)的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3） 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝�，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
V. 介詞+關(guān)系詞
1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。
2）that前不能有介詞。
3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過(guò)的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂(lè)部的那一天嗎？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
二。定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意問(wèn)題
I。that, which區(qū)別
關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況。
1． 先行詞為all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代詞時(shí)。先行詞被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代詞修飾時(shí)。如： There is little that I can use． 幾乎沒(méi)有什么我能用的了。
All the books that you need are here． 你所需要的書(shū)都在這兒。
2．先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the first composition that he has written in English．這是他用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的第一篇作文。
4．先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如：
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited． 他談到了他曾拜訪過(guò)的老師和學(xué)校。
5．主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。如：
Who is the man that is speaking over there？ 在那里說(shuō)話(huà)的人是誰(shuí)？
6．先行詞被the only，the very， the last等修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the very gun that I am looking for． 這正是我在找的槍。
7． 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：
He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．他已不是三十年前的那個(gè)年輕人了。
關(guān)系代詞which
（1）在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)(不能放句首)
He can speak English fluently，which impressed me most.他的英語(yǔ)講得很流利，給我留下了深刻印象。
（2） 介詞后
This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.這就是我居住了兩年的房子。
（3）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，即可指一個(gè)詞，也可指整個(gè)句子。
She married again, which was unexpected.
I lost my watch, which is not found yet.
II。which, as 區(qū)別
as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
（2）the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
III。介詞+關(guān)系代詞
介詞+whom（人）主，謂結(jié)構(gòu)
介詞+which（物）主，謂結(jié)構(gòu)
（介詞）+whose+名詞+主，謂結(jié)構(gòu)=and+介詞+形容詞形物主代詞+名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
（介詞）+which+名詞+主，謂結(jié)構(gòu)=and+介詞+this或that +名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
He is the person to whom you can turn for help.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
He is the man from whose house (=and from his house) the picture were stolen.
We traveled together to Paris, at which place(=and at this place) we parted company.
IV.分隔式定語(yǔ)從句
有些定語(yǔ)從句和現(xiàn)行詞之間插入一個(gè)詞組，短語(yǔ)或別的成分，叫做分隔式定語(yǔ)從句
He arrived Hangzhou in 1984, where he became manager 2 years later.
名詞性從句
主語(yǔ)從句：應(yīng)注意問(wèn)題
1. 主語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
主語(yǔ)從句要求使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，而非一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
2. 連接詞的選用
（1）that和what的選用
that和what都可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)某些成分，可作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。而that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，無(wú)詞義，只起連接詞作用。
What he wants is a book. That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
（2）if和whether的選用
引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
（3）其它連接代詞和副詞的選用
根據(jù)主語(yǔ)從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問(wèn)含義，又起連接作用，同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)各種成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.
（4）whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主語(yǔ)從句中不含疑問(wèn)意義。它引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主語(yǔ)從句）（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）
3. it構(gòu)成的主語(yǔ)從句
（1）由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，在大多數(shù)情況下會(huì)放到句子的后面，而用代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.
需要注意的是，it作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要注意和as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。試比較：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主語(yǔ)從句，有that，無(wú)逗號(hào)）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.
（定語(yǔ)從句，無(wú)that，有逗號(hào)）
（2）常見(jiàn)用it作形式主語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)
It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that…如：
It”s a pity that you missed the film.
It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important / possible…）that…
需要注意的是，這類(lèi)主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞很多為“（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形”，即要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer.
It is important that a student learn English well.
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 據(jù)說(shuō)他在地震中喪生了。
It seems （happened / appears / doesn”t matter / makes no difference / …）that …
It seems that they will win the game.
看起來(lái)他們好像會(huì)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽。
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
他是否會(huì)參加會(huì)議都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
4。主語(yǔ)從句連接詞that不能省略 That he didn’t like her was obvious.
A 表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.
主語(yǔ) 連系動(dòng)詞 一個(gè)句子作表語(yǔ)---表語(yǔ)從句
B 連接表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,
He has become a teacher.=He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
She has remained there for an hour.=She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.
His suggestion is good.=His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
The question is confusing.=The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
how I can persuade her to join us in the party.
whether the enemy is marching towards us.
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
B 不可以用if，而用whether 連接表語(yǔ)從句(as if 例外）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
C 不像賓語(yǔ)從句，在有表語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，特別是在口語(yǔ)中 that�？墒÷浴５谙铝星闆r下，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that一般不省略。
1）當(dāng)由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的that引導(dǎo)的從句作同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，第二個(gè)以及以后從句中的that不宜省略。如：
He said（that）he couldn't tell you right away and that you wouldn't understand．
2）當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think， make，feel，consider等后用it作形式賓語(yǔ)來(lái)代替that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
We think it necessary that we should practise spoken English every day．
3）當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)緊接that時(shí)。如：
He said that even if it rained，he would be able to come．
二者引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般可換用。但在下列情況下，通常只能用whether而不能用if。
We didn't know whether or not she was ready．比較We didn't know whether／if she was ready or not．）
Please let me know whether you like it．（若該句用if，也可理解為：如果你喜歡它，請(qǐng)告訴我。）
3. 從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的選擇
When I was a boy，my teacher told me that the earth is round．
He told me he goes to the park every day．
I suggest that we（should）have a rest now．
2）表示愿望的wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
I wish I could fly．（用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望）
I wish I had known it before．（用過(guò)去完成式表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望）
I wish you would stay a little longer．（用would或would ＋動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表示將來(lái)的愿望）
這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜特殊疑問(wèn)句。它由一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句（do you think）和一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句（疑問(wèn)詞＋其它句子成分）合并而成。如：
When do you think he will be back？你認(rèn)為他會(huì)什么時(shí)候回來(lái)呢？
注：常用于上面兩結(jié)構(gòu)的主句動(dòng)詞除think外，還有believe，suppose，imagine等。
The news that our team had won the match spread the whole country.
有時(shí)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞較短，為保持句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，同位語(yǔ)從句也常與要說(shuō)明的分詞分開(kāi)。
Word came that he died yesterday.
1. 表示陳述意義時(shí)通常用that。注意that不能省略。例如：
The fact that he didn”t pass the college entrance examination disappointed his parents.
The king made a promise that he would make anyone rich if one could cure his illness.
I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.
Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.
3. 表示“是否”的意思時(shí)只能用whether，不能用if。這一點(diǎn)與主語(yǔ)從句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
4. 表示疑問(wèn)時(shí)也可用其他引導(dǎo)詞。例如：
This student asked a good question why pollution can”t be stopped.
1. 同謂語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句的比較。
（1）That the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.
（2）Everybody is excited to hear that the pop singer will come to this city.
（3）The news that the pop singer will come to this city excited everybody.
同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞只能是前面提到的幾個(gè)有限的、有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞；而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句。
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
The news is that our team has won.
I have no idea what has happened to him.
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order （that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
狀語(yǔ)從句是副詞性從句，它在句子中擔(dān)任狀語(yǔ)，修飾主句的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。根據(jù)修飾的方面，狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為以下九種。
whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.
當(dāng)我進(jìn)屋時(shí)，他正在寫(xiě)信。
We shall go there whenever we are free.
whenever指的是“在任何一個(gè)不具體的時(shí)間”。
狀 when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
我正在街上走著，這時(shí)忽然有人從后面拍我的肩膀。 when意為“這時(shí)”或“在那個(gè)時(shí)候”,可以看作是并列句,這種用法的when分句一般位于句末。
while While it was raining, they went out.
他不在的時(shí)候我在。 while指“在某一段時(shí)間里”，“在…期間”，while引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的。
as He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
他趕快回家，不時(shí)地一邊走一邊向后看。 as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
句 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.
after He arrived after the game started.
till We waited till (until)he came back .
我們一直等到他回來(lái)。 如主句動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…為止”
時(shí) until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .
Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
自從1978年以來(lái)中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
我剛一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
every time, by the time, the moment
等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.
The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.
Next time you come ,you’ll see him.
wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.
Where there is water there is life.
You are free to go wherever you like.
Wherever you go, you must obey the law.
無(wú)論你去哪都要遵守法律。 where與wherever意義基本相同，但后者語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。
狀 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.
昨天我回來(lái)晚了，因?yàn)槲抑蛋唷?because用來(lái)回答why 的問(wèn)題，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)一般放在主句之后
句 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都到了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。 since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
因 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .
由于他英語(yǔ)懂得不多，他在字典中查閱這個(gè)單詞。 從句常放在句首，說(shuō)明原因，主句說(shuō)明結(jié)果，常用于口語(yǔ)中。
句 now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.
Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.
lest = for fear that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的電話(huà)號(hào)碼記下來(lái)，以免忘記。
We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .
Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.
so…that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我們把收音機(jī)的音量放大，大家都聽(tīng)到了新聞。
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他十分激動(dòng)，以致一句話(huà)都說(shuō)不出來(lái)。 so that前有逗號(hào)為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
句 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他說(shuō)出了這么重要的理由，得到大家的諒解。
It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.
It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.
= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
In case I forget, please remind me about it .
萬(wàn)一我忘了，請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐乙幌隆?/b>
So far as I know, the book will be published next month.
unless從句的謂語(yǔ)只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同義，unless是書(shū)面語(yǔ)，if…not是口語(yǔ)，通常二者可以換用。
as though Draw a cat as I taught you .
He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.
他的行動(dòng)就好象什么也沒(méi)有發(fā)生。
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他們對(duì)待這黑孩子仿佛他是一頭牲口。 此處as譯為，按照或正如
as if或as though的意義和用法基本一樣。從句中可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示可能符合事實(shí)，也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
although Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.
雖然他六十多歲了，但仍開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ) 。
We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.
even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.
即使明天下雨，我也要去。 even if 和even though的意思為“即使”“縱使”有退一步設(shè)想的意味，多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。
as Child as he is , he knows a lot .
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.
雖然天氣冷，但孩子們?nèi)栽趹?hù)外玩。 as引出的狀語(yǔ)從句多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，它比用
though或although引導(dǎo)的從句，語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，更有表現(xiàn)力，從句常放在句首，語(yǔ)序部分倒裝。
no matter (who, what when, where which, how…) Do it no matter what others say.
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.
Whoever comes, he will be welcome.
such…as Mary is as old as my sister.
He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).
Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .
享利這個(gè)工人不如彼得那樣好。 連詞表示同程度級(jí)的比較，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
句 than She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.
He bought fewer books than I (did).
他買(mǎi)的書(shū)比我買(mǎi)的少。 表示不同程度之比較，主句中用比較級(jí)的形容詞或副詞。
…the more The more you read, the better you understand.
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
越暖和越好。 the more…the more 意思為越…越…，通常的語(yǔ)序?yàn)閺木湓谇爸骶湓诤�，這兩個(gè)the都是表示程度的副詞，用在比較級(jí)的形容詞或副詞前面。
句子意思明顯，句子的主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞都可省略。
句 that We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .
我們相信四化一定會(huì)在中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
I’m sorry (that) I didn’t have time to write you sooner.
很抱歉，我沒(méi)有抽出時(shí)間早點(diǎn)給你寫(xiě)信。