貴高譚老師
非謂語動(dòng)詞在英語里是一項(xiàng)重要的語言表現(xiàn)形式，它與漢語動(dòng)詞的使用方法習(xí)慣很不一樣,是不少中國(guó)學(xué)生容易混淆出錯(cuò)的知識(shí)能力要點(diǎn)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞有四個(gè)特出的特點(diǎn)：
一，它不能當(dāng)謂語，因此在同一句子中一定還會(huì)另有謂語動(dòng)詞。象“I running in the morning every day.""he named Liping." 就是沒有謂語動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)誤的句子。
二，非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞都表示動(dòng)作，但兩者的性質(zhì)，地位不同。這是中國(guó)學(xué)生最不容易理解的地方。對(duì)句子往深層次分析，我們就應(yīng)該領(lǐng)悟到這一點(diǎn)：與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作對(duì)比，非謂語動(dòng)詞的地位是次要的，從屬性質(zhì)的：（1）此動(dòng)作有時(shí)已不是具體的動(dòng)作，而是概括抽象的一件事，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞了；（2）此動(dòng)作有時(shí)即使是具體的動(dòng)作，但卻是從屬性的，次要的動(dòng)作：比如表示原因，條件，時(shí)間，目的，臨時(shí)性的不穩(wěn)定的伴隨動(dòng)作狀態(tài)等。在漢語中，不使用連詞也可以在一個(gè)句子中連用用幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞；但在英語中，一個(gè)句子只能用一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，除了用and 連接的兩動(dòng)詞外，其它的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞一定要分清主次，從屬等內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。表示原因，條件，目的，時(shí)間，臨時(shí)性的不穩(wěn)定的伴隨動(dòng)作等動(dòng)詞必須用非謂語或從句來表示。句子的重心應(yīng)用作主句謂語動(dòng)詞，句子的次要，伴隨，補(bǔ)充的說明部分必須用非謂語或有連詞引導(dǎo)的從句。下面列舉一些例句對(duì)比說明：
1."為了健康，他天天喝牛奶。""為了健康"是目的，是次要?jiǎng)幼�，“喝牛奶”才是唯一的謂語動(dòng)詞；To be more healthy, he drinks milk every day.
2."喝牛奶對(duì)他有好處，他愛喝牛奶"這兩處的“喝牛奶”明顯地不是具體的"喝",而是概括抽象的一件事。“喝牛奶”在此處就近似地相當(dāng)于名詞“牛奶”.應(yīng)用"Drinking milk"動(dòng)名詞來表示。
3，“我喝牛奶肚子痛�！薄昂扰Ｄ獭痹诖颂庪m然是具體動(dòng)作，但它和"肚子痛"有內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，它表示的是原因，是從屬地位，“肚子痛”才是主要的謂語動(dòng)詞�？梢杂�"Having drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach."來表示。
也可以用從句“Since I have drunk some milk,I have some trouble with my stomach." 4，“喝牛奶，人健康”，“喝牛奶”與“健康”有邏輯聯(lián)系，它顯然是條件，可以用"Drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy"來表示。
5，“我喝牛奶嗆著了。”“喝牛奶”和“嗆著”也有邏輯聯(lián)系，它表示時(shí)間，可以用“Drinking milk, I choked."來表示。
6，“他坐在那里喝牛奶.”“坐”是穩(wěn)定的長(zhǎng)背景動(dòng)作，應(yīng)做謂語動(dòng)詞，而“喝牛奶”卻是變動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定的的伴隨動(dòng)作，是補(bǔ)充說明，可用非謂語動(dòng)詞：“He sat there,drinking some milk."
綜上所述，同是“喝牛奶”，但各句子中“喝牛奶”的動(dòng)作含義和句子地位各不相同。此“喝牛奶”非彼“喝牛奶”。
除了可以當(dāng)狀語，非謂語動(dòng)詞還可以當(dāng)定語和補(bǔ)語。例如：
7，"The girl standing there was crying."standing 就是the girl 的定語。
8，"I found him running in the street." running 就是 found 的賓補(bǔ)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞還可以當(dāng)表語。當(dāng)表語的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示特征，狀態(tài)或人的情緒，情感；當(dāng)表語的動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，表示一件事情或現(xiàn)象。例如：
9，The book is tiring , while the film is exciting.
10.The excited audiences were moved at the exciting play.
11.Her job is raising pigs ,she finds that living is working.
三，非謂語動(dòng)詞前不需要形式主語和連詞。 1，除了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)外，非謂語動(dòng)詞都沒有形式主語出現(xiàn)在它的前面，如出現(xiàn)了多余的主語那反而是錯(cuò)的句子。但主語不出現(xiàn)不等于沒有主謂關(guān)系。非謂語動(dòng)詞肯定與主句的主語存在著隱含的邏輯主謂關(guān)系，如找不出這種關(guān)系那一般都是錯(cuò)誤的句子。如“從山上看下去，我們的城市很美麗�！敝骶涞闹髡Z“城市”不會(huì)“看”，不存在邏輯主謂關(guān)系，只存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。因此不能用“Seeing",而只能用"Seen from the mountain , ..." 被動(dòng)的形式來表示�；蛴锚�(dú)立主格：“Anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful."又比如“聽到這個(gè)消息，她的眼淚流出來了�！薄把蹨I”不會(huì)“聽”，不存在邏輯主謂關(guān)系，因此不能象中文一樣直譯：Hearing the news,her tears came along her check.應(yīng)該說：Hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check.
2，非謂語動(dòng)詞不需要because,as,if,when,while 等連詞，但它卻已經(jīng)含有連詞的意思。象 Because not having prepared my lesson,I can't answer the question.就是錯(cuò)的，應(yīng)刪去Because。
反之，如不用非謂語而用從句，那表示原因，條件，時(shí)間，伴隨，目的的從句前又必須有連詞。而中文卻是可以省連詞的，如上文的“喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶，人健康。”“喝牛奶嗆著了”都可以加用連詞也可以不用連詞。因此中國(guó)學(xué)生往往把表示原因，條件，時(shí)間，伴隨的從句不用連詞，不用句號(hào)，卻要與主句并列在一起，出現(xiàn)“少連詞混淆主次”的錯(cuò)誤，如：I am poor, I can't buy the house. "I am poor"顯然與后面的句子有邏輯因果關(guān)系，應(yīng)加連詞Since或變成“Being poor,I can't buy the the house.
有時(shí)中國(guó)學(xué)生又會(huì)犯兩個(gè)分句都用連詞的錯(cuò)誤，如：“因?yàn)槲也×耍越裉煳也荒苌蠈W(xué)”譯成：Because I am ill, so I can't go to school today.在英語中有連詞的句子都是次要，從屬地位的從句，如兩個(gè)分句象中文一樣都用連詞，那就沒有表示句子主要意思的主句了。這便是“多連詞導(dǎo)致無主句”錯(cuò)誤。同理，如非謂語動(dòng)詞短語后的句子用連詞，也等于犯了“無主句”的錯(cuò)誤。
四,非謂語動(dòng)詞具有謂語動(dòng)詞的有賓語，有狀語等特征。
1，及物的非謂語動(dòng)詞后要帶賓語，是雙賓動(dòng)詞還要帶兩個(gè)賓語，象上面的句子如用"Anybody seeing from the mountain, ........"就是不好的句子，因?yàn)榧拔锓侵^語動(dòng)詞seeing沒有帶賓語。
2，不及物的非謂語動(dòng)詞后當(dāng)然不會(huì)有賓語。
3，過去分詞后不能出現(xiàn)賓語，因主句的主語就是它的邏輯賓語。象"Heated the water ,it will turn into stream."就是錯(cuò)的，the water 應(yīng)刪去。
當(dāng)然，帶雙賓的非謂語動(dòng)詞后還需帶一個(gè)賓語：“Told the students many times, the importance is paid attention to."
以上知識(shí)能力要點(diǎn)都是要靠理解，領(lǐng)悟，不是靠死記硬背的。下面讓我們做一點(diǎn)練習(xí)來加深理解。注意兩動(dòng)作的主次邏輯關(guān)系，注意“無形式主語”“無連詞”“不能多用連詞 ”等非謂語動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)。
用非謂語動(dòng)詞翻譯下列句子：
1. 我錢不夠，不能買這房子。
A.My money is short , I can't buy the house.
B. I'm short of money , I can't buy the house.
C. Being short of money , I can't buy the house.
D.Short of money , I can't buy the house.
2，我比你強(qiáng)，我會(huì)跑得比你快。
A.I'm stronger than you,I can run faster than you.
B.I being stronger than you,I can run faster than you.
C.being stronger than you,I can run faster than you.
D.You being weaker than I, so I can run faster than you.
3，你見到他就叫他到這來吧。
a. If you see him ,ask him come here please.
b.If you see him and ask him to come here please.
c.you seeing him ,ask him to come here please.
d.seeing him , you ask him to come here please
4，有空你來幫幫我吧。
a.You have time and you come to help me.
b.You have time you come to help me.
c.If you have time and you come to help me please.
d. having time , you should come to help me.
5，你覺得不舒服就別去游泳了。
a.You don't feel well, you'd better not go to swim.
b.Because you don't feel well, you'd better not go to swim.
c.You not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim.
d.Not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim.
6，吃太多的肉，你會(huì)變胖的。
a.If you have too much meat, and you'll get fatter.
b. you have too much meat, and you'll get fatter.
c.You have too much meat, you'll get fatter.
d. Having too much meat, you'll get fatter.
7，昨天他去踢球，摔斷腿了。
a.Yesterday he went to play football, breaking his leg.
b.Yesterday he went to play football, broke his leg.
c.Yesterday he going to play football,he broke his leg.
d.Playing football, he broke his leg yesterday.
8，看見我穿得破爛，那售貨員拿出最便宜的衣服給我。
a.Seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
b.He saw me dressed in rags , the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
c.Because he seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
d.I dressing in rags , the assistant showed me the cheapest suit.
9，澆太多的水花會(huì)死的。
a.If water too much, the flower will die.
b. If you watered too much, the flower will die.
c.Watering too much, the flower will die.
d.Watered too much, the flower will die.
10，我昨天挨雨淋了，感冒了。
a.I was caught in the rain,I get a bad cold now.
b.Having caught in the rain,I get a bad cold now.
c.I caught in the rain,I get a bad cold now.
d.Caught in the rain,I got a bad cold now.
11.他們說說笑笑地向我們走來。
a.They talked ,laughed and went to us.
b.Going to us, they talked and laughed.
c.They went to us ,talked and laughed.
d.They went to us ,talking and laughing.
12.他躺在那里看書。
a. He read a book, lying there.
b.He lay there ,reading a book.
c.He lying there and reading a book.
d.He lay there ,read a book.
13.在那跳舞的那個(gè)女孩也很會(huì)唱歌。
a,The girl dancing there sings well.
b.The girl danced there sings well.
c.The girl was dancing there sings well.
d.The girl was dancing there was a good singer.
14.我進(jìn)門時(shí)看見他正在看電視。
a.I entered the room, saw he was watching TV.
b.I entered the room, seeing him was watching TV.
c.Entered the room, I saw he was watching TV.
d.Entering the room, I saw him watching TV.
15.他一來就逗我們發(fā)笑。
a.He came ,making us laughed.
b.He came to make us laughing.
c.Coming,he often makes us laughing.
d. Came here,he often makes laughing.
16.今天他病了，沒來學(xué)校. a.He is ill,he doesn't come to school today. b.He is ill,not coming to school today. c.Being ill,he doesn't come to school today. d.He being ill,he doesn't come to school today.
key:c,C,A,D,D,
D,D,A,D,D,
D,B,A,D,C,
C.