【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
1.單詞和詞組
四會(huì)：rule 統(tǒng)治 oneself 自己 (be) busy with 忙于
三會(huì)：non-white 非白種人 equality 平等 fairness 公正 socialism 社會(huì)主義
hard-seat 硬座 determined 堅(jiān)決的 willingly 自愿地 disobey 不服從
being 生物；人 mourn 哀悼 in peace 安靜；和平
keep one's promise 實(shí)行諾言 Marxism 馬克斯主義
2.日常交際用語(yǔ)
I will....
I have (not) decided wh-clause / wh-word to....
I have decided to / that ....
I insist on / that ....
3.語(yǔ)法
復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分－－賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)講解】
1，He was called"Bapu", meaning"father"----because he was the father of the Indian nation of the twentieth century. 他被人們稱為"巴普"，意思是父親，因?yàn)樗?0世紀(jì)印度的國(guó)父。
2，Mohandas Gandhi was born in India in 1869 and was married at the age of 13, following local custom. 莫漢達(dá)斯甘地于1869年生于印度，按照當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗，他在 13歲時(shí)就結(jié)婚了。
1) marry vt. 和……結(jié)婚。用法如下：
be/ get married，表示結(jié)婚，或表示已婚狀態(tài)。如果要表示"和某人結(jié)婚"，則用"marry sb. "或"be/ get married to sb. "(不能說(shuō) with sb. )。例如：
Joan is going to marry Hubert．瓊打算和休伯特結(jié)婚。(不說(shuō) Joan is going to marry with Hubert.)
They were married at the end of the war. 他們是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)結(jié)婚的。
---- Is he married or single? 他已婚還是獨(dú)身？
---- He is married. 他已婚。
He went abroad at the age of 24 and got married there. 他24歲出國(guó)，并在國(guó)外結(jié)婚。
He married Joan when he was 28. 他28歲同瓊結(jié)婚的。(不說(shuō)married with Joan)
---- How long have you been married to Sheila? 你同希拉結(jié)婚多久了？
---- For twenty years. 20年了。(不說(shuō) married with Sheila)
2)句中的"following local custom"相當(dāng)于"acting according to local custom"(按當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗而行事)。這是一個(gè)-ing形式短語(yǔ)，作表示原因的狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞follow在句中作"遵循，"依照……行事"解。例如：
Following the doctor's advice, my father has given up drinking.
聽(tīng)從醫(yī)生的勸告，我父親戒了酒。
They followed the order and destroyed the bridge. 他們奉命把橋炸毀了。
The villagers still followed the customs of their grandfathers.
村民們?nèi)匀话凑账麄冏嫦鹊牧?xí)俗行事。
3，On his return to India he had the chance to travel to South Africa to work on a law case.他一回到印度，就得到一個(gè)去南非的機(jī)會(huì)，到那里去處理一件案子。
on his return中的介詞on表示時(shí)間，意思是"在……的時(shí)候"(at the time of)或"一……就"(directly after)，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作先后隨即發(fā)生。例如：
I heard the news on my arrival at the airport. 我一到機(jī)場(chǎng)就聽(tīng)到了這條消息。
The children stood up on the entrance of the teacher. 教師一進(jìn)來(lái)，學(xué)生就起立。
On reaching the city he called up Mr Jackson. 他一到達(dá)那個(gè)城市，就給杰克遜先生打電話。
4，This experience was to change his life. 這個(gè)經(jīng)歷后來(lái)改變了他的生活道路。
was to change是一個(gè)"be+不定式"的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用來(lái)表示安排要在將來(lái)做的事情(be用現(xiàn)在式)，也可以表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事情(be用過(guò)去式)。例如：
The manager is to visit our factory next week. 經(jīng)理將于下周來(lái)我廠參觀。(is to visit大體相當(dāng)于 is going to visit)
She was to meet Mary at the entrance of the theatre. 她曾經(jīng)打算在劇院門(mén)口會(huì)見(jiàn)瑪麗。(was to meet大體相當(dāng)于 was going to meet)
但是本句中的"was to change"這個(gè)"be+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)并不表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事情，而是表示不可避免地將要發(fā)生的事；不是指事先做好的安排，而是指"命中注定的事"。例如：
The worst is still to come. 最壞的事不可避免地會(huì)發(fā)生。
They said goodbye, not knowing that they were never to meet again.
他們道別了，但是他們不知道他們將永別了。
此外，" be + 不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示命令。父母讓子女做事情常用這種說(shuō)法。例如：
You are to do your homework before you watch TV. 你得做完家庭作業(yè)才能看電視。
Tell her she's not to be back late. 告訴她，不能晚回來(lái)。
5，He wrote about socialism in newspapers and started a magazine called "Indian Opinion".
他為報(bào)紙寫(xiě)文章介紹社會(huì)主義，還創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)叫《印度輿論》的雜志。
called"Indian Opinion"是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的名詞 magazine。這個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句 which was called"Indian Opinion"。
6，South Africa passed further laws designed to make life difficult for nonwhites.
南非又通過(guò)了一些法律，企圖給非白種人的生活造成困難。
designed to make…是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的名詞 laws。這個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句：(laws) which were designed to make life difficult for non-whites。
design通常作"設(shè)計(jì)"解，既可作動(dòng)詞，也可作名詞。但本句中的design有intend的意思，作"目的是"、"打算給……用"解，常用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The experiment is designed to test the new drug. 這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康脑谟趯?duì)這種新藥進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。
This weekend party is designed to make life happy for the students.
這次周末晚會(huì)的目的是使學(xué)生的生活愉快。
7，He had a gift for thinking up ways of making political points.
他有一種才能，能夠想方設(shè)法來(lái)闡述政治觀點(diǎn)。
think up作"想出(主意)"(think of an idea)解，有"發(fā)明"(invent)、"編造"(make up)的含意。例如：
She thought up a funny game for the children to play. 她想出了一個(gè)有趣的游戲給孩子們玩。
The prisoners tried to think up a plan for escape. 囚犯企圖想出一個(gè)越獄計(jì)劃。
The boss didn't think up any new ways to improve the working conditions.
老板沒(méi)有想出任何新的辦法來(lái)改善工作條件。
Children can always think up something interesting to pass the time.
孩子們總能夠想出有趣的法子來(lái)消磨時(shí)間。
8，Thousands joined him when he led a march to the coast, with the purpose of"making a little salt"when he reached the sea. 他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)過(guò)一次去海濱的進(jìn)軍，成千上萬(wàn)的人參加了他的隊(duì)伍，目的是為了到海邊去"生產(chǎn)一點(diǎn)食鹽"。
with the puspose of作"懷著……的目的"解，在句中作表示目的的狀語(yǔ)。例如：
They came here with the purpose of making trouble. 他們到這里來(lái)，目的就是為了鬧事。
He went to London with the purpose of continuing his education. 他去倫敦是為了繼續(xù)求學(xué)。
with the purpose of中的介詞 with, 有時(shí)可用 for代替，構(gòu)成for the purpose of短語(yǔ)，表示"為著……目的"。例如：
We designed the new machine for the purpose of increasing production.
我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)這臺(tái)新機(jī)器，目的是為了提高產(chǎn)量。
9，Gandhi was much more than a clever lawyer, a fine speaker, a determined fighter for human rights and a political leader. 甘地遠(yuǎn)不只是一個(gè)聰明的律師、優(yōu)秀的演說(shuō)家、堅(jiān)定的人權(quán)戰(zhàn)士和政治領(lǐng)袖。
more than作"深為"、"豈只"、"不只是"解，常跟名詞、動(dòng)詞等一起連用(如本句的 was more than作"豈只是"解)。例如：
They were more than glad to help. 他們是極其樂(lè)意幫忙的。
This more than satisfied me. 這使我深感滿意。
Both of them are much more than schoolmates. They are close friends.
他們兩個(gè)遠(yuǎn)不只是同學(xué)，他們是知心朋友。
He more than hesitated to accept the invitation. He simply refused it. 他對(duì)于接受邀請(qǐng)一事極為猶豫，干脆就拒絕了。
10，All his life he reached out for the truths of spirits and gods.
在他的一生中，他總是設(shè)法獲得神靈的真諦。
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞reach out for作"設(shè)法抓住"、"設(shè)法獲得"解，其中的reach out有"伸出手去"的意思。例如：
He reached out for a book from the top of the shelf. 他伸手從書(shū)架頂上取下一本書(shū)來(lái)。
There are chances everywhere, but you must reach out for them. 機(jī)遇到處有，但靠你去抓。
Reach out for the rope, or you'll fall down. 伸手抓住那根繩子，否則你會(huì)掉下來(lái)的。
11，At the time of his death, one person praised him as follows："Future generations, it may be, will hardly believe that such a person as this walked upon this earth."
在他逝世的時(shí)候，有一個(gè)人對(duì)甘地作過(guò)如下的贊謄："后代人也許難以相信，在這個(gè)人世間，曾經(jīng)有過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人走過(guò)。"
1)as follows是一個(gè)固定詞組，作"如下"解，用以引出下文。例如：
Their suggestions are as follows…他們的建議如下：……
He received a note which ran as follows. 他收到一張便條，內(nèi)容如下。
2)句中的 it may be是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，它和副詞(maybe/ perhaps)在意思上很接近。插入語(yǔ)和句子的其它成分關(guān)系不十分緊密，常用逗號(hào)同句子其它部分分開(kāi)。它不是描繪某一個(gè)句子成分，而是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。引號(hào)中的句子相當(dāng)于： Perhaps future generations will hardly believe……
3)hardly adv. 幾乎沒(méi)有(almost no)，簡(jiǎn)直不(almost not)。具有否定的含意，常與any連用。它的位置常在be動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，在其它動(dòng)詞之前。例如：
There is hardly any wine in the bottle. 瓶子里幾乎沒(méi)有酒了。
He hardly works at all. ( = He does very little work.) 他幾乎不工作。
They have hardly eaten anything. 他們簡(jiǎn)直什么東西也沒(méi)吃。
注意hard與hardly的區(qū)別：hard也可以作副詞，但意思同hardly大有區(qū)別。hard 作副詞時(shí)，意思是"努力"、"使勁地"。此外，hard還可以作形容詞，意思是"堅(jiān)硬的"、"艱難的"、"艱苦的"。因此，hard與hardly決不可以混淆。例如：
The ice is as hard as rock. 這塊冰像巖石一樣硬。(hard作形容詞)
Gandhi tried hard to struggle against racial discrimination. 甘地為反對(duì)種族岐視而進(jìn)行了艱苦的斗爭(zhēng)。(hard作副詞)
4) such… as像……這樣的，諸如……這類的。例如：
Such men as these are dangerous. 這樣的人都是危險(xiǎn)人物。
He wished to be such a leader as Gandhi. 他曾經(jīng)希望作一名像甘地那樣的領(lǐng)袖。
Such a picture as this should be kept in a museum. 這樣的照片應(yīng)該由博物館保存。
注意，在such…as的中間如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，應(yīng)在such后加不定冠詞。如such a leader as Gandhi不說(shuō) a such leader as Gandhi; such a picture不說(shuō) a such picture。
【詞語(yǔ)辨析】
1，fairness, fair, justice, just
(1)fair 常用形容詞"公平的，公正的"，其名詞為fairness"公正，公平"。(含 做事)公平，公道合理，不因個(gè)人情感或利益采取不正常行為。如：
We should be fair with one another . 我們彼此都應(yīng)光明正大。
She doesn't think the arrangement means fairness, does she ?
(2)just作形容詞"公正的，正直的，正義的，公平的"，其名詞為justice "正義，公平，公正，合法"。（常做司法用詞，合乎道義，做事符合大局， 不損害公眾利益。）如：
They are fighting for a just cause with the world people.
The murderer was brought to justice.
People are expecting the judges will do justice to the murder.
2， oppose, object, against, disagree, disapprove
(1)oppose"反對(duì)"，表示采取積極行動(dòng)來(lái)反對(duì)，著重動(dòng)作，反對(duì)的對(duì)象一般是較重大的事。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)反對(duì)時(shí)常用：be opposed to，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)被反對(duì)時(shí)常用：be opposed by。如：
He doesn't oppose the plan at all.
We were opposed by a force twice the size of our own.
I'm opposed to destroying the forest.
(2)object"反對(duì)"，指?jìng)�(gè)人不贊成某事，或持有相反的意見(jiàn),其名詞為objection . 常見(jiàn)搭配為：object to+ing, have no objection to有反對(duì)。如：
She objects to being scolded in public.
(3)against 為介詞"反對(duì)"。 disagree "不同意"是指平等關(guān)系的意見(jiàn)不同。 disapprove"不同意"指上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)或局外人對(duì)當(dāng)事人的看法。如：
Those who are not for me are against me. 那此不同意我的人就是反對(duì)我。
They disagreed as to when the wedding should take place.
關(guān)于何時(shí)舉行婚禮，他們意見(jiàn)不同。
His parents disapproved of his marriage.
【語(yǔ)法－賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)】
1，在一些及物動(dòng)詞及少數(shù)介詞后面，直接賓語(yǔ)后可跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的，它可以用動(dòng)詞不定式、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等充當(dāng)。
He asked us to do him a favor.
On the way home she found her purse lost.
We chose Tom monitor.
He came in with a stick in his hand.
2，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)主動(dòng)支配動(dòng)作，區(qū)別在于：不定式表示全過(guò)程，現(xiàn)在分詞只表示某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間的情況；賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞時(shí)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)情況。在感官動(dòng)詞(see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, notice等)或使令動(dòng)詞(have, let, make, get等)后面，這三種情況都可能遇到(make和let后面一般不接現(xiàn)在分詞)，要具體情況具體分析；它們后面賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中的不定式不帶to，( get后面的不定式要帶to ), 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要帶to。
Did you notice the boys working all day long?(某段時(shí)間)
Did you notice the boys work?(全過(guò)程)
Did you notice the boys forced to work?(被動(dòng)意義)
The boys were noticed to work. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中帶to)
3，有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)多用不定式，不用現(xiàn)在分詞，如：ask, beg, require, want, wish, expect, invite, mean, tell, teach, show, allow, permit, persuade, advise, encourage, prefer, warn, hate, forbid, force, order, command, cause, bear, trouble, wait for, call on, depend on, would like, care for等等。
My teacher encouraged me to try again.
He asked us how to learn English.
4，有些動(dòng)詞后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：keep, leave, set, catch等等。
The man was caught stealing.
The problem set me thinking.
5，在一些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常是to be， 如：believe, consider, declare, find, imagine, know, prove, suppose, feel, think, understand等等。
I know this to be a fact.
We believe her to be honest.
【賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)練習(xí)】
1. It's dangerous for you ______ the horse running too fast.
2. He ______ it an honor to be invited to the party.
3. The death of the president ______ the country sad.
4. His English is so poor that he can't ______ himself understood.
5. At the time of the earthquake, you ______ the ground shaking or moving.
6. You'd better ______ all the windows open.
7. If the government ______ the factory polluting the river, there would be no fish here.
8. He returned home ______ his father lying sick in bed.
9. They ______ him the right man for the job.
10. The weather ______ us indoors that day.
【答案】
1. to keep 2. felt 3. made 4. make 5. will feel 6. leave / keep 7. left 8. to find 9. found 10. kept