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unit 2 教學(xué)參考資料

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-2-24 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

第二單元●教學(xué)參考資料

Lesson 5

1.Do you mind if I smoke? 我抽煙你介意嗎?

Would you mind if I smoked in the office next door? 我到隔壁辦公室里抽煙你介意嗎?

Do/Would you mind if…? 常用來(lái)表示“請(qǐng)求許可”的意思。句中的mind作“介意”、“反對(duì)”解,全句可以直譯為“如果……,你反對(duì)嗎?”。注意:如果用Would you mind if…?,從句中就要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如第二句中的if I smoked。又如:

Do you mind if I open the window? (or, Would you mind if I opened the window?) 我打開(kāi)窗子好嗎?

Do you mind if I take one of these books? (or, Would you mind if I took one of these books?)這些書(shū)中我拿一本好嗎?

對(duì)于這些問(wèn)句的回答要特別注意。假如在答語(yǔ)里表示愿意(也就是不反對(duì)),該說(shuō)Certainly not或Of course not, 或說(shuō)No(但不普通)。在答語(yǔ)里如果表示不愿意(也就是反對(duì)),說(shuō)Yes當(dāng)然不錯(cuò),但習(xí)慣上不說(shuō)Yes,卻說(shuō)I'm sorry…. 等。如課文這個(gè)對(duì)話:

Wang Bing: Do you mind if I smoke?

Hank: I'm sorry, but it's not allowed. 對(duì)不起,這是不允許的。(如果可以抽煙,就說(shuō):Certainly not. I don't mind it at all. )

Do/Would you mind…? 之后除了跟if從句外,還可以跟-ing形式,在-ing之前還可以有人稱(chēng)代詞賓格或物主代詞,即:Do/would you mind (one/one's)-ing…? 用來(lái)請(qǐng)求允許,或請(qǐng)求別人作某事。例如:

Do you mind (me/my) asking you a few questions? 我想請(qǐng)教您幾個(gè)問(wèn)題好嗎?

Would you mind my turning off the light? 我把燈關(guān)掉好嗎?

Would you mind giving me a glass of water? 請(qǐng)你給我一杯水好嗎?

Would you mind waiting for him a few minutes? 請(qǐng)你等他幾分鐘好嗎?

這類(lèi)問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)仍遵循上述規(guī)則。

2.“I wonder if I could use your phone. ”----“Sure. Go ahead. ”“我能不能用一下你的電話?”--“好的。你用吧。”

I wonder if I can/could do sth. 是請(qǐng)求允許的交際用語(yǔ),表示請(qǐng)求對(duì)方允許自己干某事的意思。其中的wonder是動(dòng)詞,作“想知道”解,后跟if/whether從句。這個(gè)句子直譯是:我想知道我是否可以用你的電話。用could比用can在語(yǔ)氣上更委婉一些。對(duì)于這個(gè)請(qǐng)求,如果作肯定回答,則用:

Sure. Go ahead. 好的,請(qǐng)吧。

Yes. Please do. 好的,請(qǐng)吧。

Of course. /Sure. 當(dāng)然可以。

如果作否定回答,則用:

I'm sorry, but…. 對(duì)不起,……

I'm afraid not. 恐怕不行吧。

You'd better not. 最好不。

No, please don't. 不行。

例如:

“I wonder if I could turn off the light. ”----“Sure. Go ahead. ”“我把燈關(guān)掉好嗎?”--“好的,關(guān)吧!

“I wonder if I could smoke here. ”----“I'm sorry, but it is not allowed. ”“我在這兒抽煙好嗎?”--“對(duì)不起,這兒不讓抽煙!

3. I'll be back in half an hour. 我半小時(shí)后就回來(lái)。

注意,本句中的in作“以后”解,不能用after代替。

after和in都可以表示“以后”的意思,其區(qū)別是:

1)after以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間以后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子。例如:

They started working after lunch. 他們是午餐后開(kāi)始工作的。

The film was shown after the meeting. 電影是會(huì)議結(jié)束以后放的。

2)in以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表示將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子。如:

They will start working in half an hour. 他們將在半小時(shí)后開(kāi)始工作。

The film will be shown in 2 or 3 days. 這部電影將在兩三天后上映。

3)在某個(gè)特定的時(shí)間以后,after也可用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子。例如:

They will start working after 10 am. 他們將在上午10點(diǎn)以后開(kāi)始工作。

The film will be shown after 4 o'clock. 這部電影將于4點(diǎn)以后上映。

Lesson 6

1.背景資料

1)世界無(wú)煙日

由世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)起,從1988年開(kāi)始,每年的5月31日被定為“世界無(wú)煙日”。其目的在于敦促各國(guó)政府、社區(qū)、組織及個(gè)人,特別是青年,意識(shí)到煙草引起的諸多問(wèn)題,并采取適當(dāng)行動(dòng)來(lái)制止吸煙這種有害行為。每年一度的世界無(wú)煙日都有一個(gè)鮮明的主題,體現(xiàn)了綱領(lǐng)性、延續(xù)性、針對(duì)性和可操作性的統(tǒng)一。

2)吸煙的危害性

吸煙的危害是到本世紀(jì)四五十年代才開(kāi)始明了的。如今已確切證明,煙草中含尼古丁、焦油、苯并芘等十多種有毒物質(zhì)。正是這些物質(zhì)侵蝕著肌體,從而引發(fā)和惡化多種嚴(yán)重疾。焊黝(lèi)癌癥、肺炎、肺氣腫、支氣管炎、骨質(zhì)疏松、各種心臟病、哮喘及過(guò)敏性疾病等。

對(duì)于吸煙給人們?cè)斐傻奈:,世界衛(wèi)生組織每年都有詳盡的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。90年代,全球每年患癌癥人數(shù)為850萬(wàn),死亡600萬(wàn),死亡者中40%是因吸煙所致。如果加上吸煙引發(fā)其它疾病導(dǎo)致的死亡,全世界每年死于吸煙的人約為300萬(wàn)。吸煙者患肺癌的死亡率是不吸煙者的8. 4倍。每天吸一包煙的婦女患宮頸癌的危險(xiǎn)比不吸煙女性增加1. 5倍;女性不育癥患者中至少1/4由吸煙引起(煙草中毒使精子與卵子結(jié)合的機(jī)會(huì)減少1/3);吸煙女性患心血管病、肺癌、口腔癌等病的比例比不吸煙女性高1到2倍。

煙霧還對(duì)被動(dòng)吸煙者造成危害。這種危害數(shù)量大、范圍廣。根據(jù)研究,被動(dòng)吸煙者健康和生命所受到的危害是主動(dòng)吸煙者的1. 5-3倍,數(shù)量大得多。吸煙婦女所生的畸形兒是不吸煙婦女所生畸形兒的2. 5倍。在家庭中受到被動(dòng)吸煙危害的孩子往往焦躁好斗、智商偏低,易患癌癥、心血管病、中耳炎、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。

世界衛(wèi)生組織于1996年發(fā)表的文告指出:如果全世界保持當(dāng)前香煙消費(fèi)水平,估計(jì)從現(xiàn)在到2020年全球每年因吸煙而死亡的人數(shù)將達(dá)到1000萬(wàn),其中發(fā)展中國(guó)家約占70%。

2.課文中表示“因……而死亡”的意思有以下句子:

1)Every year, millions of smokers die because of illnesses which are caused by smoking tobacco. 每年有數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人因吸煙引起的疾病而死亡。

2)This is because each year millions of smokers die from the habit. 這是因?yàn)槊磕暧袛?shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的煙民因吸煙而死去。

3)The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. 每四個(gè)煙民中就有一人可能因吸煙而死去。

4)The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illnesses caused by smoking. 問(wèn)題在于每天都有300人死于因吸煙而引起的疾病。

第1)句die because of illnesses也可以說(shuō)die of illnesses, 意思相同。die of常指由于疾病、情感等原因造成的死亡。又如:

“What did he die of?”----“He died of hunger/grief. ”“他是什么原因死的?”--“他是因?yàn)轲囸I/憂傷而死的!

第2)、3)、4)句都是用die from…表示“由于……而死”的意思。die from一般指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,如第2)句中的die from the habit和第3)句中的die from smoking。但有時(shí)也可以用來(lái)指由于疾病的原因而造成的死亡。如第4)句中的dying…from illnesses。又如:

He died of/from lung cancer. 他死于肺癌。

3.First, money is spent looking after people with illnesses which have been caused by smoking. 第一,(政府)要花錢(qián)照顧因吸煙而患病的人。

表示“花錢(qián)/時(shí)間干某事”可用下列句型:Somebody spends (time/money) doing something. 本句是用它的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:

The children spent the whole afternoon doing their homework. 孩子們花了整個(gè)下午做家庭作業(yè)。

The teacher spent a whole day correcting students' homework. 老師花了整整一天來(lái)批改學(xué)生的家庭作業(yè)。

1, 500 US dollars was spent repairing the house. 花了1,500美元來(lái)修繕?lè)课荨?/p>

Lots of money is spent looking after sick people each year. (政府)每年要花大量的錢(qián)照顧病人。

4.The bedclothes catch fire and the whole house may be burnt down. 鋪蓋著了火,整個(gè)房子都可能燒掉。

1)catch fire 表示“著火”、“起火”的意思,除此之外還可用be on fire或set… on fire 來(lái)表示。但catch fire有動(dòng)態(tài)的含意,be on fire有靜態(tài)的含意。例如:

The theatre caught fire last night; firefighters were sent immediately. 昨晚劇院起火了,立即派出了消防隊(duì)員。

Look, the theatre is on fire! Let's go and help. 瞧,劇院著火了,咱們?nèi)兔然鸢伞?/p>

set … on fire是“使……著火”、“放火燒……”的意思。例如:

He is the very person that set the theatre on fire. 他正是放火燒劇院的那個(gè)人。

2)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞burn down作“燒毀”、“燒掉”解。例如:

The angry people burnt the house down. 憤怒的人們把那棟房屋燒掉了。

Lots of wooden houses were burnt down in a big fire last night. 大量木頭房子在昨晚的大火中燒毀了。

5.China produces one third of the world's cigarettes. 中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的香煙占全世界香煙的三分之一。

注意英語(yǔ)中分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法:

1/2 a (one) half 二分之一

1/3 one third 三分之一

1/4 a (one) quarter 四分之一

1/5 one fifth 五分之一

1/6 one sixth 六分之一

但 3/4 three quarters 四分之三

2/5 two fifths 五分之二

注:除1/2和1/4分別由a (one) half 和a (one) quarter 來(lái)表示外,分?jǐn)?shù)的構(gòu)成通常是分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞。如果分子大于1,則分母用序數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如2/5 (two fifths), 3/4 (three quarters)。

6.Every year, tobacco companies must persuade new people to start smoking cigarettes. 每年煙草公司要設(shè)法使一些不吸煙的人開(kāi)始吸煙。

句中persuade作“勸說(shuō)”、“說(shuō)服”解。表示“說(shuō)服某人干某事”時(shí)常用persuade sb. to do sth. 。注意persuade的基本含義是“勸說(shuō)某人,而某人又被說(shuō)服了”。例如:

I persuaded him to try again. 我勸他再試一試。(他再試過(guò)了。)

The doctor was at last able to persuade him to stop smoking. 醫(yī)生終于說(shuō)服他戒煙了。(他戒煙了。)

She was persuaded to take the job in the company. 她被說(shuō)服接受了那家公司的工作。(她在那兒工作了。)

7.The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. (=25% of smokers will die from smoking. ) 每四個(gè)煙民中就有一個(gè)可能因吸煙而死去。

句中chance作“可能性”解,既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞。在數(shù)學(xué)上作“概率”、“或然率”解,常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:

Chances are that the new machine will arrive tomorrow. 新機(jī)器明天可能運(yùn)到。

There is a chance that the sick child will get well. 這個(gè)生病的孩子可能會(huì)好的。

The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我們十之八九會(huì)贏。

The chance is that about fifty graduates in one hundred will go to colleges and universities. 每100名中學(xué)畢業(yè)生中大約有50名可能升入大專(zhuān)院校。

8.In Britain,sales of cigarettes have been reduced by 30% in the last ten years. 過(guò)去十年來(lái),英國(guó)的香煙銷(xiāo)售量下降了30%。

1)reduce vt. 減少,降低,縮小 (make smaller, cheaper, etc. )。例如:

some fat people try to reduce their weight. 有些胖子設(shè)法減輕體重。

I persuaded him to reduce the price to $ 1, 500. 我設(shè)法使他把價(jià)格降到1,500美元了。

The number of the words in the report should be reduced to 800. 報(bào)告的字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)減到800。

The wages of the workers have been reduced by 30%。工人的工資減少了30%。

reduce的反義詞是 increase(增加)。例如:

The wages of the workers have been increased by 30%。工人的工資增加了30%。

2)介詞by可以用來(lái)表示數(shù)量增減的程度。例如:

Production costs have been reduced by one third. 生產(chǎn)成本下降了三分之一。

The price has been increased by five cents. 價(jià)格上漲了五美分。

9.In the 16----19 age group, 32% of women smoke, compared to 28% of men. 在16-19歲這個(gè)年齡組里,有32%的婦女吸煙,而吸煙的男子為28%。

句中compare to/with是一個(gè)固定詞組,作“和……比起來(lái)”、“與……相比”解,相比較的對(duì)象是數(shù)量(即吸煙的人數(shù))。又如:

Car production rose 25%, compared to the first three months of this year. 和今年頭3個(gè)月相比,汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量提高了25%。

Last year the rate of death was 2%, compared with 5% the year before last. 去年的死亡率是2%,前年是5%。

Compare to 1992, the price of grain was increased about 50%. 和1992年相比,谷物的價(jià)格提高了大約50%。

compare to/with也可以用來(lái)同人或物作比較。例如:

Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate. 和許多婦女相比,她確實(shí)是很幸運(yùn)的了。

It was a small place then, compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來(lái),那時(shí)它還是一個(gè)小地方。

10.Therefore, if the tobacco companies want to remain in business, they have to encourage more young people to start smoking. (=If the tobacco companies want to continue to make money, they have to make more young people start smoking. ) 因此,如果煙草公司想要繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)下去,就必須鼓勵(lì)更多的年輕人吸煙。

1)句中的remain是連系動(dòng)詞,作“(繼續(xù))保持”、“仍然處于(某種狀態(tài))”解(continue to be in an unchanged state),后跟形容詞、名詞、過(guò)去分詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)(本句中的表語(yǔ)是介詞短語(yǔ)in business)。例如:

If you don't eat you'll just have to remain hungry. 你如果不吃東西,就得繼續(xù)挨餓。

Peter became a news reporter but John remained a woodcutter. 彼得成了新聞?dòng)浾,而約翰還是一名伐木工人。

It was very late, but he remained absorbed in thought. 天很晚了,但他卻還在沉思。

All her friends had come, but she remained in silence. 她的朋友全都到了,她卻仍然沉默不語(yǔ)。

2)encourage vt. 鼓勵(lì)(to give courage or hope to sb. )。常用于encourage sb. to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

The teacher encourages us to talk to her in English. 老師鼓勵(lì)我們用英語(yǔ)同她談話。

Your words encouraged me to go on with my study. 你的話鼓勵(lì)我繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下去。

11.They think that this will help them kick their smoking habit. 他們認(rèn)為這將幫助他們戒掉煙癮。

kick vt. 原作“踢(球)”解,如kick a football。此處作“戒除”解,kick their smoking = give up smoking(戒煙)。

Lesson 7

1.In Britain, 70% of smokers say that they would like to stop smoking, and of these smokers, 83% have tried more than once to give it up. 在英國(guó),有70%的煙民說(shuō),他們?cè)敢饨錈,而且在這些煙民中,有83%的人不止一次地試著戒過(guò)煙。

1)句中的would like不是like的過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),而是作“愿意”、“希望”解,后面常跟不定式(即would like to do sth. ),表示“希望/愿意干某事”。例如:

I would like to hear your views. 我希望聽(tīng)聽(tīng)你的意見(jiàn)。

Mr Brown would like to speak about heart disease. 布朗先生愿意談?wù)動(dòng)嘘P(guān)心臟病的問(wèn)題。

They would like to know something about the danger of smoking. 他們想要了解吸煙的危害性。

2)stop doing sth. 是“停止干某事”的意思。例如:

Stop talking, please. It's time for class. 請(qǐng)不要講話,現(xiàn)在上課了。

The girl stopped crying as soon as her mother entered the room. 媽媽一進(jìn)房,這女孩就不哭了。

注意stop doing sth. 和stop to do sth. 的區(qū)別:

stop doing sth. ----停止干某事

stop to do sth. ----停止一事,去干另一事

試比較:

He stopped smoking. (=He didn't smoke any more. ) 他戒煙了。(他不吸煙了)

He stopped to smoke. (=He paused and began to smoke. ) 他停下來(lái)去吸煙。(他吸煙了)

3)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞give up作“停止”、“放棄”解,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞用,它的賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞、代詞或-ing形式。當(dāng)其賓語(yǔ)是名詞或-ing形式時(shí),賓語(yǔ)通常放在give up之后;當(dāng)其賓語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),則只能放在give up之間,不能放在give up之后,如本句中的…to give it up. 不能說(shuō)…to give up it。又如本句中的 to stop smoking 也可以說(shuō)to give up smoking,兩者意思相同,都作“戒煙”解。例如:

Don't give up your plan for experiment. 不要放棄你的實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)劃。

Your idea is good. Don't give it up. 你的想法很好,不要放棄它。

You'd better give up drinking. There's something wrong with your stomach. 你最好把酒戒了,你的胃有毛病。

He isn't in good health; he has given up playing football. 他身體不好,已經(jīng)不再踢足球了。

2.The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug called nicotine. 煙草的問(wèn)題在于它里面含有一種叫尼古丁的麻醉劑。

1)句中的called nicotine是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞a drug。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)通常放在它所修飾的名詞的后面,而譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)要放在名詞的前面。試比較:

illness caused by smoking 由于吸煙引起的疾病

nicotine contained in tobacco 煙草中含的尼古丁

characters drawn by Walt 沃爾特畫(huà)的人物

the studio built by himself 他自己建造的畫(huà)室

2)句中的that----clause是名詞性從句,用作表語(yǔ)。由連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句用作表語(yǔ)時(shí),通常位于連系動(dòng)詞be之后。連詞that無(wú)詞匯意義,只起連接作用。例如:

The trouble is that we do not know Mike's address. 麻煩的是我們都不知道邁克的住址。

The reply is that they do not accept our invitation. 答復(fù)是他們不接受我們的邀請(qǐng)。

The greatest danger is that smoking can cause lung cancer. 最危險(xiǎn)的是吸煙能引起肺癌。

3.Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking. 尼古丁是一種能使人吸煙上癮的麻醉劑。

本句中的that-clause是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞a drug。

get into the habit of作“養(yǎng)成……習(xí)慣”解。也可以用get sb. into the habit of作“使某人養(yǎng)成……習(xí)慣”解。例如:

Who got you into the habit of drinking? 是誰(shuí)讓你養(yǎng)成了喝酒的習(xí)慣的?

He has got into the habit of listening to news broadcast at 6:30 am. 他養(yǎng)成了早上六點(diǎn)半聽(tīng)新聞廣播的習(xí)慣。

Don't get into the bad habit of smoking, children! 孩子們,不要養(yǎng)成抽煙的惡習(xí)。

4.When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour or two, they begin to feel bad. 那些對(duì)尼古丁上了癮的煙民,一兩個(gè)小時(shí)缺少尼古丁就會(huì)感到難受。

1)這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。主句是they begin to feel bad, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句是When smokers … go without it for an hour or two, 其中又帶有定語(yǔ)從句 who are used to nicotine, 修飾先行詞smokers。

2)be used to作“習(xí)慣于”講,這里的to是介詞,后跟名詞或-ing形式。例如:

He is used to hard work. 他已習(xí)慣于辛勤勞動(dòng)。(或:He is used to doing hard work. )

She isn't used to living in the country. 她不習(xí)慣在鄉(xiāng)下生活。(或:She isn't used to country life. )

注意used to和be used to的區(qū)別:

used to作“過(guò)去常常”解,表示“過(guò)去經(jīng)常做某事”,暗含“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不做此事了”的意思。這里的to是不定式符號(hào),后跟動(dòng)詞原形。be used to作“習(xí)慣于”解,其中to是介詞,be可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)變化(過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí))。試比較:

He is used to hard work. 他(現(xiàn)在)習(xí)慣于辛勤勞動(dòng)。

He used to work hard. 他過(guò)去工作很努力。(暗指現(xiàn)在工作不努力了。)

She isn't used to living in the country. 她不習(xí)慣在鄉(xiāng)下生活。

She used to live in the country. 她過(guò)去住在鄉(xiāng)下。(暗指現(xiàn)在不住在鄉(xiāng)下了。)

3)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞go without作“不吃”(not take),“在沒(méi)有……的情況下勉強(qiáng)對(duì)付過(guò)去”(to live or continue in spite of lacking something)解。例如:

One can not go without food and water. 不吃不喝是不能生活的。

The main speaker was absent, but the conference was to go without him. 主要發(fā)言人沒(méi)有到,但大會(huì)將勉強(qiáng)開(kāi)下去。

It's very hard for me to see them go without food and clothing. 看著他們?nèi)背陨俅液茈y過(guò)。

If there's no sugar, you'll have to go without it. 要是沒(méi)有糖了,你就對(duì)付著吃吧。

5.The body is calling for a new supply of the drug nicotine. (=The body is in need of the drug nicotine. ) 他們的體內(nèi)要求補(bǔ)充新的麻醉劑尼古丁。

短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞call for作“要求(有……)”、“需要”解(ask for/need sth. or sb. )。例如:

The men sat down and called for some beer. 這幾個(gè)男子坐下來(lái),要了一些啤酒。

This trouble calls for quick action by the government. 這個(gè)困難需要政府迅速采取行動(dòng)來(lái)解決。

The problem calls for very careful thought. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題要求人們深思熟慮。

6.All they need is something to make them feel better at that moment. 他們所需要的是當(dāng)時(shí)能使他們感到舒服的某個(gè)東西。

1)這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。主句是All…is something to make them feel better at that moment. 其中插入了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句(that) they need,修飾先行詞all。關(guān)系代詞that因在從句中作賓語(yǔ)而被省略。

2)不定式短語(yǔ)to make them feel better at that moment在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾something。其中的動(dòng)詞make作“使”、“令”解,常跟不帶to的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(make sb. do sth. ),意為“使某人干某事”。例如:

The bad news made us feel sad. 這個(gè)壞消息使我們感到很憂傷。

Smoking makes the air smell bad. 抽煙使空氣難聞。

The doctor made the patients stop smoking. 醫(yī)生叫病人戒煙。

The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板要他們一天工作十二個(gè)小時(shí)。

注意,make sb. do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)在被動(dòng)句中,不定式應(yīng)帶to,即Sb. is made to do sth. 。例如:

They were made to twelve hours a day.

The patients were made to stop smoking.

7.One thing that will stop them feeling bad is the drug nicotine, which is contained in cigarettes. 使他們消除難受感覺(jué)的一種東西,就是香煙中所含的那種麻醉劑尼古丁。

1)這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。主句是One thing… is the drug nicotine, 其中帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that will stop them feeling bad, 修飾One thing; 句末的which is contained in cigarettes是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,說(shuō)明the drug nicotine。

2)句中stop是及物動(dòng)詞,作“阻止”、“阻攔”(prevent)解,常用在stop sb. doing sth. 的結(jié)構(gòu)中,意思是“阻止某人干某事”、“使某人不做某事”。例如:

We all tried to stop him smoking in bed. 我們都設(shè)法不讓他在床上吸煙。

Nothing could stop the children telling the truth. 什么也不能阻止孩子們說(shuō)出事情的真相。

The policemen came and stopped them fighting in the street. 警察來(lái)了,不讓他們?cè)诮稚洗蚣堋?/p>

stop sb. doing sth. 和stop sb. from doing sth. 意思相同。上述例句都可以在sb. 后加上介詞from。又如:

Don't stop me from doing what I want to. 不要阻攔我去干我所想干的事。

We should try to stop our children from playing with fire. 我們應(yīng)該設(shè)法不讓孩子們玩火。

Lesson 8

本課Checkpoint 2中的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目(Grammar)是作賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。這是本單元的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)。

在句子中起名詞作用的從句稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。名詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。名詞性從句同樣可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。這類(lèi)從句可以分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。本單元重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。在Checkpoint 2中列出了下面兩個(gè)例句:

1)They know that the habit may kill them. 他們知道這個(gè)習(xí)慣可能使他們致死。

2)The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug called nicotine. 問(wèn)題是煙草里含有一種叫尼古丁的麻醉劑。

例1)中的斜體部分是賓語(yǔ)從句,作及物動(dòng)詞know的賓語(yǔ);例2)中的斜體部分是表語(yǔ)從句,表示主語(yǔ)的特性。

關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句,初中第三冊(cè)教師教學(xué)用書(shū)已作注釋?zhuān)@里不再贅述。

表語(yǔ)從句通常是跟在主句的連系動(dòng)詞be之后,引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的除連詞that外,還有連接代詞what和連接副詞when, where, why, how, because等。例如:

His suggestion is that no one is allowed to smoke in the office. 他的建議是辦公室內(nèi)不允許抽煙。

Her trouble is that she doesn't know how to improve her teaching work. 她的苦惱是她不知道怎樣來(lái)改進(jìn)教學(xué)工作。

Nicotine! That's what the smokers need. 尼古!這就是煙民們所需要的東西。

Ten years' hard work! That's why I now look so old. 十年辛苦的勞動(dòng)!這就是為什么我現(xiàn)在顯得如此蒼老的原因。