Unit 6 Detective stories（2）
第六單元 偵探小說
語法指南
直接引語和間接引語
當(dāng)我們引用別人的話時(shí)，可以用別人的原話，也可以用自己的話把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來，如果是引用原話，被引用的部分就稱為直接引語，如果是轉(zhuǎn)述，就稱為間接引語。如：
A. The detective asked: “Who knows the victim?”，其中的“Who knows the victim?”就是直接引語。
B. The detective asked who knew the victim. 其中的who knew the victim就是間接引語。直接引語通常用引號(“”)括起來，間接引語在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)賓語從句。
★如果引用的句子原來是一個(gè)陳述句，在間接引語的開頭用連詞that；要根據(jù)意思改變?nèi)朔Q，同時(shí)引語中的謂語和主句的謂語在時(shí)態(tài)上要相對稱。
He said, “the old woman looks very worried.”
① He said that the old woman looked very worried.
他說那位老太太看起來很著急。
Mr Smith said, “Children, those workers are working.”
② Mr Smith told Children that those workers were working.
史密斯先生告訴孩子們那些工人正在工作。
①②兩句中的間接引語開頭用連詞that，在動(dòng)詞say后，有時(shí)that可以省略。
Tom said to me, “I have left my toy at home.”
③ Tom told me that he had left his toy at home.
湯姆告訴我他把玩具掉在家里了。
The victim’s mother said to the police: “I am very shocked.”
④ The victim’s mother told the police that she was very shocked.
受害人的母親告訴警察說她很震驚。
③④兩句中直接引語和間接引語的主語已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化。間接引語中的主語和主句中的主語是一致的。he就是指Tom，she就是指The victim’s mother.
“I’m scared”, said the witness.
⑤ The witness said that she was scared.
那目擊證人說她很害怕。
The girl said to her mother, “The music sounds beautiful.”
⑥ The girl told to her mother that the music sounded beautiful.
那女孩告訴她母親說那音樂聽起來優(yōu)美極了。
⑤⑥兩句中的直接引語是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，變成間接引語時(shí)，要變成一般過去時(shí)。
“The thief is running away.” Said Mrs Ma.
⑦ Mrs Ma said the thief was running away.
馬夫人說那小偷正向遠(yuǎn)處跑。
Lin Tao said to me, “My family are watching TV.”
⑧ Lin Tao told me that his family were watching TV.
林濤說他的家人正在看電視。
⑦⑧兩句中，直接引語中的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)改變成了間接引語中的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示在過去某時(shí)，動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
⑨Detective Jones said, “I’ve finished my report.”
Detective Jones said that he had finished his report.
瓊斯偵探說他已經(jīng)完成了他的報(bào)告。
⑩Jack said, “We have caught the thief.”
Jack said that they had caught the thief.
杰克說他們已經(jīng)抓住了賊。
⑨⑩兩句中，直接引語中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，改變成了間接引語中的過去完成時(shí)。
○11Mr Wu said, “I read the newspaper.”
Mr Wu said that he had read the newspaper.
吳先生說他已經(jīng)看了那份報(bào)紙。
○12Jim said, “I saw the film.”
Jim said that he had seen the film.
吉姆說他已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。
○11○12兩句中，直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)改變了間接引語中的過去完成時(shí)。直接引語中的動(dòng)作read，saw發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作said之前，因此變成間接引語時(shí)要變成過去完成時(shí)。
○13“We will look for more clues.” Said Detective Jones.
Detective Jones said that they would look for more clues.
瓊斯偵探說他們將會尋找更多的線索。
○14He answered, “I will catch up with others.”
He answered that he would catch up with others.
他回答他將會趕上其他同學(xué)的。
○13○14兩句中直接引語中的一般將來時(shí)，改變成了間接引語中的過去將來時(shí)，表示look for和catch up with這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作分別發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作“said和answered”之后，因此間接引語中要用過去將來時(shí)。
★直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，直接引語中的指示代詞，地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變動(dòng)。
①She said: “I will come here tonight.”
She said that she would go there that night.
她說那天晚上她要去那里。
②Liu Mei said, “I am writing a composition now.”
Liu Mei said that she was writing a composition then.
劉梅說那里她正在寫作文。
③Jack said to us, “These are my stamps.”
Jack told us that those were his stamps.
杰克告訴我們那是他的郵票。
④Lucy said: “My sister came back two days ago.”
Lucy said that he sister had gone back two days before.
露西說她的姐姐兩天前就回去了。
⑤Mr Hu answered, “They will arrive here tomorrow evening.”
Mr Hu answered that they would arrive there the next evening.
胡先生說他們將在第二天傍晚到達(dá)那里。
這種改變可歸納成下表：
在直接引語中 在間接引語中
指示代詞 this that
these those
地點(diǎn)狀語 here there
動(dòng) 詞 come go
時(shí)間狀語 now then
today that day
yesterday the day before
last week(year, ect.) the week(year, ect.) before
two days(a month, ect.) two days(a month, ect.) before
tomorrow the next(following) day
tomorrow morning the next(following) morning
next week(year, ect.) the next week(year, ect.)
【注】時(shí)間狀語this afternoon在間接引語中沒有改變。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)述的是當(dāng)天所說的話。這種情況下，時(shí)間狀語可不作改變。如：
⑥Tom said: “I will finish the work this afternoon.”
Tom said that he would finish the work this afternoon.
湯姆說他將在今天下午完成這項(xiàng)工作。
★如果直接引語是一個(gè)特殊疑問句，在變成間接引語時(shí)，除了要注意人稱，狀語等的變化和時(shí)態(tài)相對稱外，還要注意間接引語中應(yīng)用陳述句的語序，不能用疑問句的語序。同時(shí)不能用連詞that，而要用特殊疑問句，句末用句號。
①The teacher asked, “What are you parents?”
The teacher asked what my parents were.
老師問我父母是做什么的。
②He asked, “When will you see your uncle, Liu Mei?”
He asked Liu Mei when she would see her uncle.
他問劉梅要在什么時(shí)候看望她的叔叔。
③I asked, “Which book is yours, Meimei?”
I asked Meimei which book was hers.
我問梅梅哪本書是她的。
④Tom asked me, “How are you getting on with your classmates?”
Tom asked me how I was getting on with my classmates.
湯姆問我和同學(xué)們相處得怎么樣。
⑤I asked, “Who did you wait for yesterday, Tom?”
I asked Tom who he had waited for the day before.
我問湯姆前天他等的是誰。
⑥She asked, “Where are we going to meet tomorrow?”
She asked where they were going to meet the following day.
她問他們第二天在哪兒碰頭。
⑦He asked me, “Why were you late yesterday?”
He asked me why I had been late the day before.
他問我前天為什么遲到。
★如果直接引語是一般疑問,選擇問句或反意疑問句,在間接引語前要用連詞whether或if。
①He asked, “Are you sure your mother will come?”
He asked if (whether) I was sure my mother would come.
他問我是不是能肯定我媽媽會來。
②She asked, “Are you a student or a teacher?”
She asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
她問我是學(xué)生還是老師。
【注】當(dāng)引用的一個(gè)反意疑問句時(shí)，連詞只能用whether。
③He asked, “you have a few friends in the new school, don’t you?”
He asked me whether(if) I had a few friends in the new school.
他問我在新學(xué)校是否有新朋友。
★當(dāng)直接引語是一個(gè)祈使句時(shí)，我們通常用一個(gè)含有復(fù)合賓語的簡單句，把這個(gè)請求或命令表示出來，而不用復(fù)合句。
①He said, “Please come her earlier.”
He asked me to go there earlier.
他叫我早一點(diǎn)去那兒。
②The teacher said, “Don’t do that again, children.”
The teacher told children not to do that again.
老師讓孩子們再也不要這樣做。
③The captain said, “Get everything ready in two hours.”
The captain ordered (told) us to get everything ready in two hours.
隊(duì)長命令我們在兩小時(shí)內(nèi)把一切準(zhǔn)備好。
【注】在此用祈使句時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)句子的口氣來決定。
語法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練
單項(xiàng)選擇
1. “Don’t you think you should pain the wall?” “Who would ?”
A. see B. look C. watch D. notice
2. Will you it again? I didn’t you.
A. speak; listen B. say; hear C. talk; hear D. tell; listen
3. “Will you show me the photo of your family?” “OK, I’ll it here next week.”
A. talk B. catch C. carry D. bring
4. left at the second crossing. You’ll find the market.
A. Turn B. Listen C. Go D. Come
5. Let’s go and those beautiful pictures over there.
A. watch B. look at C. look on D. see
6. “ you to the radio?”
“No, you can turn it off.”
A. Did; listen B. Have; heard C. Are; hearing D. Are; listening
7. We’ll have to clean the plates before Mother home.
A. will come B. will go C. comes D. go
8. “Excuse me, look at the sign NO PHOTOS!”
“Sorry, I it.”
A. don’t watch B. didn’t see C. haven’t watched D. won’t see
9. “Do you like the music The Moonlight Sonato?”
“Yes, it really beautiful.”
A. feels B. sounds C. listen D. hears
10. There was a strange sound outside. Mary went out and around, but she nothing.
A. looked, saw B. saw; saw C. watched; looked D. looked; find
11. “What’s the police station’s telephone number?”
“I can’t remember. In the telephone book, please.”
A. Look it for B. Look it over C. Look it up D. Look at it
12. The window is broken. Try to who broke it.
A. find out B. find C. look D. look for
13. Please him to the nurse there, and she’ll give him some pills.
A. carry B. bring C. let D. take
14. “Excuse me, Is Li Ming in?”
“No, He the town. But he will back soon.”
A. went; come B. has been to; return
C. has gone to; come D. went; return
15. “ away this dirty shirt and me a clean one.”
“Sorry, I’m busy now.”
A. Pick; get B. Take; carry C. Bring; bring D. Take; get
參考答案
1. D notice意為“注意看”。
2. B 當(dāng)表示講具體內(nèi)容時(shí)，用say, hear強(qiáng)調(diào)“聽見”“聽到”。
3. D bring強(qiáng)調(diào)從別處拿到說話者處。
4. A 表示“轉(zhuǎn)向某一邊”，要用turn。
5. B look at意為“看”“瞧”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。
6. D listen to the radio意為“收聽廣播”。
7. C
8. B see意為“看見”，強(qiáng)調(diào)看的結(jié)果。
9. B sound用作連系動(dòng)詞，意為“聽起來”。
10. A look around是“環(huán)顧四周”，這表明是“看”，也是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，所以第二空應(yīng)用saw，說明什么也沒有看見。
11. C look up在此表示“查閱”。
12. A find out意為“查明”“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)通過調(diào)查、詢問、研究分析后獲得的結(jié)果。
13. D take強(qiáng)調(diào)從說話者處帶到別處。
14. C has gone to +地方，表示已經(jīng)去“某地”的意思。表明不在說話人的地方。
15. D take away意為“拿走”，get表示“拿來”“取來”的意思。