在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句是初中英語中最重要的一種從句,它內(nèi)容完整,句型結(jié)構(gòu)較為復雜,主句和從句時態(tài)搭配要求嚴格,在中考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。而且學好賓語從句也可為到高中學習間接引語、主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句打下良好的基礎。學習賓語從句并不難,只要你能過好下面的三道關:
第一關,選好連接詞(也有人叫關聯(lián)詞)。
引導賓語從句的連接詞,課本上寫有三類,但從學習的角度看分為四類更為實用。
1.連詞that:只起連接作用,在從句中不作句子成分,也無詞匯意義,在口語中或非正式文體中常被省略。例如:
1)He knew(that)he should work hard.
2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam.
2.連詞whether或if:它們起連接作用,在從句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口語中多用if。例如:
3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?(注:2002上海市徐匯區(qū)中考試題填上答案后的句子。以下再有這種例句,都為2002年中考題,只寫某地。)
4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具體用法上差別較大,同學們不易掌握。在賓語從句中用whether沒有用if時受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.他問我是否要來。(該句中的whether不能換成if,因為if不能與or連用。)
3.連接代詞who,whom ,whose,what, which:它們起連接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意義。例如:
6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武漢市)(which引導賓語從句,在從句中作定語,修飾class,意為“哪個”。)
7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)
4.連接副詞when,where, why,how:起連接作用,分別作時間、地點、原因、方式狀語,各有其自己的意義。例如:
8)I wonder where he got so much money.對他從哪里弄到那么多錢我感到疑惑。(where在從句中作地點狀語,修飾got,意為“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川。╤ow引導賓語從句,作程度狀語,修飾old,意為“怎樣;如何”等意。)
第二關,牢記賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序,即“連接詞+主語+謂語+其他”。這里特別強調(diào)的是,它的主語和謂語的語序是陳述句的語序,不是疑問句的倒裝語序。例如:
10)You must remember what your teacher said.(河南。
11)-Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
-In half an hour.(寧波市)
12)漢譯英:你能不能告訴我,我們?nèi)タ赐l?
誤:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
錯句的錯誤出在賓語從句中誤用了疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)--主語前加了個助動詞do。因為我們已經(jīng)習慣了特殊疑問句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就順口說出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”這種錯誤句子來。但是一旦我們注意了,我們不久就習慣于說“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了。
第三關,注意時態(tài)的呼應。
賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài),常常受主句謂語時態(tài)的制約,這種現(xiàn)象稱為“時態(tài)的呼應”。例如:
13)漢譯英:我原以為你今天有空的。
誤:I thought(that)you are free today.
正:I thought(that)you would be free today.
錯句中賓語從句用are很可能是因為有 today,但因為主句謂語是thought,所以從句謂語就該用過去將來時would be了。
這種時態(tài)的呼應,如果主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,賓語從句的謂語時態(tài)不受限制,如上述例句2),3),7),8),10),11),12)。如果主句時態(tài)是過去時,賓語從句一般要隨著改為相應的過去時(即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時等)。例如:
14)He thought he was working for the people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great W all.
16)John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但賓語從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等,則不變化:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
核心知識
鞏固與檢測請做下列2002年中考題:
1.In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.(北京市東城區(qū))
A.that
B.how
C.what
D.if
2.-I don't know _____ Mr.Green will come to see us.
-He will help us with our English.(杭州市)
A.why
B.when
C.how
D.where
3.-We never know _____ the old m an is.
-They say he is a teacher.(鄂州市)
A.what
B.who
C.which
D.where
4.I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers.(重慶市)
A.that how
B.how that
C.when that
D.that when
5.-Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him.
-Sorry,I don't know.(北京市海淀區(qū))
A.where does Mr.Li live
B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives
D.where Mr.Li lived
6.-W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
-Sorry,I have no idea.(南京市)
A./;bought
B.has;bought
C.did;buy
D.does;buy
7.I don't feel very well.Mum asked me _____ this morning.(重慶市)
A.what the matter is
B.what is wrong
C.what the matter was
D.what wrong was
8.-Where is Jack?
-He is away to spend his holiday.He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ .(南昌市)
A.that
B.which
C.where
D.there
典型例題
Key:
賓語從句與中考試題 1-4 D A A D 5-8 C A C C