安徽銅陵市三中 唐義龍
一． 不定式
一． 不定式的句法功能
不定式有兩種形式，一種是帶不定式符號 to的不定式，一種是不帶不定式符號 to的不定式。不定式在句中起名詞，形容詞，副詞作用，不定式不能充當(dāng)謂語，但它具有動(dòng)詞的一種特征，如可以有自己的賓語，可以有自己的狀語等。不定式有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。它在句中可以充當(dāng)主語，表語，賓語，賓語補(bǔ)足語，定語，狀語等。
1．作主語。
不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：
To tell lies is wrong。撒謊是不對的。
To see is to believe。眼見為實(shí)。
提示：
A。當(dāng)不定式作主語時(shí)，常可以采用下列句型結(jié)構(gòu)：
It is+adj。+to do something。
It takes /costs/makes+名詞+to do something。如：
It is very important to learn English well。學(xué)好英語很重要。
It took them two weeks to finish the task。完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)花去他們兩周的時(shí)間。
B．不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，
當(dāng)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，且不定式帶有主語且形容詞作表語，常不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，可以采用下列句型結(jié)構(gòu)：
a． 形容詞為：easy，hard，difficult，important，possible，impossible，comfortable，necessary，better，too much，not enough，the first/last/next等時(shí)常可以采用
It is+adj。+for somebody+to do something。句型結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It is necessary for us to be on time。對我們而言守時(shí)是有必要的。
It is impossible for you to swim across the river。就你而言游過這條河是不可能的。
b． 形容詞為：kind，nice，cruel，wise ，bright，clever，foolish，stupid，silly等時(shí)�？梢圆捎肐t is+adj。+of somebody+to do something。如：
It is kind of you to help me。你幫我你真好。
It is bright of him to refuse your gift。 他拒絕接你的禮物是對的。
2．作賓語
A． to do 作賓語。如：
1． I don’t know whether you happen________ , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September. （2004遼寧）〈選D〉
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
2. I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）〈選A〉
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
3． China has promised to revise its existing regulations and ___ new policies according to WTO requirements. ( 2006上海春招)〈B〉
A. forming B. to form C. to be forming D. have formed
常見的不定式短語作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：afford，agree，arrange，ask，choose，decide，expect，hope，learn，manage，offer，pretend，refuse，wish等。
B． wh-+to do作賓語。如：
1． I've worked with children before, so I know what___ in my new job. （NMET2000）〈B〉
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
2．It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____ （NMET2002）
〈C〉
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
常見這類用法的短語有：when to do；where to do，whether to do，what to do，how to do。
C．a(chǎn)dj。+ to do作賓語。如：
1．You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）〈B〉
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
2．Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_ if a mirror was broken. （2002上海）〈D〉
A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck
C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
常見的這類用法的形容詞有：glade，sure，afraid，able，sorry，free等。
3．不定式作表語。如：
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult. （NMET1999）〈B〉
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
提示：不定式作表語時(shí)，如果主語部分含有to do或 do的某種形式時(shí)，不定式符號to可以省略。再如：
What I want to do is have a good rest。
4．不定式作定語。如：
1．I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have（2004上海春）
anything ________ ?〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
2．Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ．(2006安徽卷)〈C〉
A．blamed B．blaming C．to blame D．to be blamed
3．Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. （2003上海春招）〈B〉
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
4．Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to _____before the party. （2004全國I）〈A〉
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
提示：不定式作定語時(shí)，盡管被修飾名詞與不定式之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但是多數(shù)情況下，不定式要用主動(dòng)式。
5．不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
A．做主語補(bǔ)足語。如：
1． The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）〈C〉
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused
2．. -Is bob still performing? （2005江蘇）〈A〉
-I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
3．The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation. （NMET1996）〈C〉
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
. 4。An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots. （2003上海）〈A〉
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
6． 作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間是主謂關(guān)系，也就是說不定式動(dòng)作由賓語來完成，且強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作全過程。如：
1．While watching television, __________. （2005全國卷三）〈C〉
A．the doorbell rang B．the doorbell rings
C．we heard the doorbell ring D．we heard the doorbell rings
2． The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET2003）〈D〉
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
3．My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. （2004北京）〈D〉
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
提示：下列動(dòng)詞后接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式符號to要省略。這類動(dòng)詞有：
see ，hear，notice，feel，watch，make，let，observe，have等。
7．作狀語。
A． 作目的狀語。
a。不定式作目的狀語時(shí)，可以直接用to do 來表示，其中狀語可位于主句句首，也可以位于主句末尾。如：
1．Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. （2004廣西）〈D〉
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
2. - Can the project be finished as planned? （2005福建）
- Sure, ________it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day .〈B〉
A．having got B．to get C．getting D．get
3． _________more about university courses, call(920)746-3789. 2005浙江）〈A〉
A. To find out B. Finding out Ｃ．Find out D. Having find out
4. ___ the employees' working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break. ( 2006上海春招)〈B〉
A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved
b。不定式作目的狀語時(shí)，還可以用in order to do 來表示，其中狀語可位于主句句首，也可以位于主句末尾。又可以用so as to do來表示，其中狀語只能位于主句末尾如：
1． All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. （2005遼寧）〈C〉
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive
C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
c。不定式作目的狀語時(shí)，還可以用only/just to do 來表示，其中狀語只能位于主句末尾如：
It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars. （2005上海）〈C〉
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
B． 結(jié)果狀語
表示結(jié)果的不定式短語有：
to do
too+adj。/adv。+to do
enough to do
so/such+adj。/adv+to do
，never/only to do
如：
1. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only__ the film stars had left. （2004福建）〈B〉
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told
2. He hurried to the station only ________that the train had left. （2005廣東）〈A〉
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
3. He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. （2006陜西卷）〈B〉
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
二．不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
1． 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
不定式與句子主要謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上的先后關(guān)系，決定了不定式的時(shí)態(tài)的不同形式。
A．一般式
不定式的一般式通常用來表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其之后發(fā)生。如：
1．In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive. （2002上海）〈A〉
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
2．The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET2003）〈D〉
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
3． The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction. （2003北京春招）〈D〉
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4． I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have
anything ________ ? （2004上海春）〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
5．I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_________ in a year . （2005湖南）〈C〉
A．follows B．followed C．to follow D．being followed
B．完成式
不定式的完成式表示不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。如：
1．AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. （2006湖北卷）〈D〉
A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been
. 2。I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. （NMET1997）〈B〉
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
3．Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. （NMET1999）〈A〉
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
4．You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）〈B〉
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
5．I don’t know whether you happen________ , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September. （2004遼寧）〈D〉
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
6．-Is bob still performing? （2005江蘇）
-I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.〈A〉
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
7．The storm left, a lot of damage to this area. （2005全國卷一二）〈D〉
A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
C．進(jìn)行式
不定式進(jìn)行式表示謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：
1．Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ____ since the flood hit the area last Friday. （2006山東卷）〈A〉
A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost
2．不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)
表示不定式的邏輯主語是不定式的承受者，二者之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：
1．As the twentieth century came to a close , the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting___________.（2006湖南）〈B〉
A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using
2. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness______ . （2006江西卷）〈B〉
A．to make B．to be made C．making D．being made
. 3。It remains ________ whether Jim’ll be fit enough to play in the finals. ( 2006浙江卷)〈B〉
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
. 4。The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games--- in Beijing in 2008. ( 2006四川卷)〈D〉
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
提示：
A． 不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)式。如：
1． I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job. （NMET2000）〈B〉
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
2． Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. （2003上海春招）〈B〉
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
3．I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? （2004上海春）〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
B．不定式用在某表語形容詞如：hard，easy，difficult，interesting，dull，heavy，light等之后，且和句子中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式。如：
The text is very hard to recite。
The box is too heavy to carry。