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Unit6AGreatYoungAthlete
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法have(has)+過(guò)去分詞(done)
1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響還存在。
i have lost my wallet、(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)錢(qián)花了)
jane has laid the table、(含義是:已經(jīng)可以吃飯了。)
2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for,since連用。
mary has been ill for three days、 i have lived here since 1998、
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如already, yet, just,before,recently,lately等:
he has already obtained a scholarship 、 i haven’t seen much of him recently (lately) 、
we have seen that film before、 have they found the missing child yet 、
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice, on several occasions等:
have you ever been to beijing? i have never heard bunny say anything against her、
5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/ week/ month/year,just, today,up to present,so far等:
peter has written six papers so far 、
there has been too much rain in san francisco this year、
6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作,雖然其效果或影響依然存在但已不再繼續(xù),但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子,在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間,則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性。
thomas has studied russian 、 (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語(yǔ))
thomas has studied russian for three years、 (=thomas began to study russian three years ago,and is still studying it now、(現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)俄語(yǔ))
7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。we have had four texts this semester、
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”。
1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束,但
該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如:he has
turned off the light、他已經(jīng)把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去,但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況——燈現(xiàn)在
不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的.“完成用法”的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù),因此,該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)
間狀語(yǔ)(如:already, yet, before recently等)頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:this morning /month / year…,today等)連用。
例如:have you found your pen yet ?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成用法”
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如:he has lived here since 1978、自從1978年以來(lái),他一直住在這。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
i have been in the army for more than 5years、我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:up to now, so far)等。
例如:i have heard nothing from him up to now、到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
◆注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如:come, go, arrive, leave, join, become, die等。
。2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型:①主語(yǔ)+have/has been+for短語(yǔ)②it is+一段時(shí)間+since從句
例如:he has been in the league for three years、
或it is three years since he joined the league、他入團(tuán)已三年了
三、比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1、過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2、過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in october,just now,具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning , tonight, this april, now, once, before, already, recently, lately
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know、過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例:
i saw this film yesterday、(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)
i have seen thin film、(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)
she has returned from paris 、她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。she returned yesterday、她是昨天回來(lái)的。
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去時(shí)。(錯(cuò))tom has written a letter to his parents last night、
。▽(duì))tom wrote a letter to his parents last night、
四、延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1、用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷;瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
he has completed the work、他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。(表結(jié)果)
i’ve known him since then、我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2、用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……”瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”
he didn’t come back until ten o’clock、他到10點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
he slept until ten o’clock、他一直睡到10點(diǎn)