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初三英語句型考點及講解
在學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中，許多人對一些廣為流傳的句子都不陌生吧，句子是由詞或詞組構(gòu)成的語言基本運用單位。句子的類型有很多，你都知道嗎？下面是小編收集整理的初三英語句型考點及講解，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
1. 一般疑問句：
�。�1）一般疑問句的肯定形式
一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have（有）開始，通常要求以yes，或no來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。
Do you know Mr. Smith?
Can you swim?
（2）一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
�、� 在一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-nt，則須將-nt與一般疑問句句首的be, have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中，一般都采用簡略式。
Are you not a football fan?
Arent you a football fan?
Will she not like it?
Wont she like it?
�、� 與漢語不同的是，英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定，全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；若答語是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷嗎？
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Wont she like it?
Yes, she will.
No, she wont.
詞匯辨析
【名師講解】
1. be able to/ can
(1) 都能表示“能夠，具備干某件事的能力”這個含義，此時可以互換。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.
= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.
格林先生能夠按時完成這項工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各種時態(tài)，而can 為情態(tài)動詞，多用于現(xiàn)在時，其過去式為could。
We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.
我們相信他長大后能夠成為一名畫家。
Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.
林小姐已經(jīng)能夠自己負(fù)擔(dān)那輛車了。
(4) Can除了表示“能夠，有能力做某事”以外，還有如下用法，而be able to 則沒有。表示請求，但語
氣沒有could 委婉
Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看這張圖片嗎？
Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我們可以在下午6點之后再離開學(xué)校嗎？
表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我們的新老師。
The exam can’t be too difficult.考試不會太難。
2. bring/ take/carry/fetch
(1) bring一般是指拿來，即從別處往說話人這里拿，翻譯成“帶來”。
He brought us some good news.他給我們帶來了一些好消息。
Please don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.
明天請別忘了把家庭作業(yè)帶來。
(2) take一般是指從說話人這里往別處拿，翻譯成“帶走”。
Please take the umbrella with you. It’s going to rain.要下雨了，請把傘帶上。
She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。
(3) carry不強(qiáng)調(diào)方向，表示“攜帶、背著、運送、搬扛”等意思。
They carried the boxes into the factory. 他們把箱子搬進(jìn)了工廠。
A taxi carried them to the station. 出租車送他們到了車站
(4) fetch表示的是“去取來、去拿來、去叫來”等意思，包含去和來兩趟。
The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者為他們?nèi)砹艘恍┨O果。
Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.媽媽為生病的兒子請來了醫(yī)生。
3. whole/ all
(1) whole強(qiáng)調(diào)一個完整如一，互不分割的整體。
The whole country is suffering the war. 整個國家正遭遇戰(zhàn)爭。
I just want to know the whole story.我僅僅只想知道完整的故事。
whole在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠詞和指示代詞的之后。
They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.
他們將到加拿大渡過整個假期。（所有格后）
She has finished writing the whole book. 她已經(jīng)寫完了整本書。（冠詞后
whole用來修飾可數(shù)名詞（名詞用單數(shù)）。
He ate the whole cake. 他把整個蛋糕都吃了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)整整一個蛋糕）
(2) all強(qiáng)調(diào)由一個個部分組成的“全部”。
Miss Green knew all the students in the class.
格林小姐認(rèn)識這個班上的所有人。（一個一個全認(rèn)識）
all在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠詞和指示代詞的之前。
Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.
吉姆在20分鐘之內(nèi)完成了所有的作業(yè)。（所有格前）
Of all the boys here, he sings best.在這里所有的男孩之中，他唱的最好。（定冠詞前）
The boy can answer all these questions.那個男孩能夠回答所有的這些問題。（指示代詞前）
all既能修飾可數(shù)名詞（名詞須用復(fù)數(shù)），又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
All these five books are mine.這五本書都是我的。（修飾可數(shù)名詞）
She was worried about her son all the time.她總在為她的兒子擔(dān)心。（修飾不可數(shù)名詞）
4. fill/ full
(1) fill常作動詞，與with連用，意思是“注滿、裝滿”，也能表示“填空；補(bǔ)缺”的意思。
He filled the box with chalk.他把粉筆裝滿了盒子。
The bucket is filled with water.水桶里裝滿了水。
(2) full是形容詞，翻譯成“滿的，裝滿的”，常與of連用。此外還能表示“完全的”和“吃飽的，過飽的”。
All the rooms are full of people.所有的房間都滿人了。
The bus was full. He had to wait for the next one.這輛車人滿了，他只有等下一輛。
5. be made of/ be made from/ be made in/ be made into
(1) be made of表示"由…制成", 一般指能夠看出原材料，或發(fā)生的是物理變化。
This table cloth is made of paper.這張桌布是由紙做的。
This salad is made of apples and strawberries.這種沙拉是由蘋果和草莓做的。
(2) be made from也表示"由…制成"，但一般指看不出原材料，或發(fā)生的是化學(xué)變化。
Bread is made from corn.面包是小麥做的。
The lifeboat is made from some special material.這個救生艇是由某種特殊材料制成的。
(3) be made in指的是產(chǎn)地，意思為"于…制造"。
The caps are made in Russia.這些帽子產(chǎn)于俄羅斯。
My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.
我媽媽喜歡買中國產(chǎn)的東西。
(4) be made into的意思為"被制成為…"。
This piece of wood will be made into a small bench. 這塊木頭將要被制成一個小凳。
The paper has been made into clothes for the doll. 紙被做成了洋娃娃的衣服。
6. none/ no one/ neither
(1) none既能指人，又能指物，意思是"沒有一個，無一"，常用作代詞，與of連用。
None of us has heard of him before.我們沒有一個人以前聽說過他。
I like none of the coats. 那些外套我一件都不喜歡。
none用作主語時，謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
None of the answers is true.沒有一個答案是正確的。
None of the rooms are mine.沒有一間房子是我的。
(2) no one只能用來指人，且不能與of連用。
No one is absent.沒有人缺席。
I knew no one there.那里我一個人也不認(rèn)識。
no one用作主語時，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)。
No one agrees with you. 沒有人同意你的說法。
(3) neither作代詞是對兩者都進(jìn)行否定，意思為"兩者都不"，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Neither of the boys is from England. 這兩個男孩都不是來自英國。
I know neither of them.他們兩個我都不認(rèn)識。
7. found/ find
(1) find的意思是"找到、發(fā)現(xiàn)"，其過去式和過去分詞都是found.
I cant find my glasses.我找不著我的眼鏡了。
He found it boring to sit here alone.他發(fā)現(xiàn)獨自坐在這里很沒勁。
(2) found是另外一個詞，與find并沒有關(guān)系，意思是"成立、建設(shè)"，常用作及物動詞。
The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.中華人民共和國成立于1949年。
The school was founded by the local residents.這所學(xué)校是由當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裥藿ǖ摹?/p>
8. hear / hear of/ hear from
(1)hear的意思是"聽見；聽說，得知"，后面能接名詞、代詞或賓語從句。
We heard the news just a moment ago.我剛聽說這個消息。
Can you hear me? 能聽見我說話嗎？
(2) hear of的意思是"聽說"，一般指非直接的聽見，而是聽別人說的。后不能接賓語從句。
I have never heard of her.我從未聽說過她。
They heard of the film long time ago.他們很久以前就聽說過這部電影。
(3) hear from的意思是"收到來信"，與"聽"無關(guān)。
I often hear from him. 我經(jīng)常收到他的來信。
He hasnt heard from his mother for a long time.他很久沒有收到媽媽的信了
9. send/ send for
(1) send意思是"送往，派遣"，還有"發(fā)信，寄信"的意思。
The company sent him to study abroad.公司派他到國外學(xué)習(xí)去了。
Mr. Brown sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩子們。
(2) send for意思是"召喚；派人去取；派人去拿"，而非本人親自去。
They have sent for a repairman.他們已經(jīng)派人去請了一名修理工。
She sent for some flowers.她派了人去買花。
10. get to/ arrive/ reach
(1) arrive后不能直接接地點，是一個不及物動詞。若表示到達(dá)一個相對大的地點，用arrive in ; 若表示相對小的地點，用arrive at .
The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表團(tuán)將于下午5:00到達(dá)北京。
It was dark when they arrived at the railway station.當(dāng)他們到達(dá)火車站的時候，天已經(jīng)黑了。
When did she arrive here last time? 她上次是什么時候到這兒的？（副詞前省略介詞）
(2) reach能直接接所到達(dá)的地點，是一個及物動詞。
They reached London on Friday.他們星期五到達(dá)了倫敦。
The news only reached me yesterday.我于昨天才接到這個消息。
reach還有"伸手去取，伸手觸及，聯(lián)絡(luò)"等意思。
Can you reach that apple on the tree? 你能夠到樹上的哪個蘋果嗎？
He can always be reached on the phone.可隨時打電話跟他聯(lián)系。
(3) get在表示"到達(dá)"時是不及物動詞，應(yīng)與to搭配使用。
We often get to school on foot.我們經(jīng)常步行到學(xué)校。
They got to the top of the hill at noon.他們于中午到達(dá)了山頂。
聽力理解及其解題方法
【考點掃描】
聽力理解題的要求主要是：
1、能聽懂基本上沒有生詞，貼近學(xué)生生活的語言材料；
2、能聽懂并正確的辨別所聽到的句子；
3、能聽懂聲音材料中涉及到的主要信息或重要細(xì)節(jié)；
4、能聽懂對話或短文中談?wù)摰囊c、中心意思，并根據(jù)題目要求做出合理的判
斷，如：推理出對話發(fā)生的時間、地點、對話人物關(guān)系和身份等。
【名師解難】
一. 訓(xùn)練方法
可能很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為面對聽力，總有一種無從下手的感覺。其實盡管中考的聽力很難靠猜題和壓題來復(fù)習(xí)，但是中考中的聽力測試部分不是隨意設(shè)計的，它遵循《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的規(guī)定和要求，因此同學(xué)們只要注意方法，多聽多練，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)聽力部分并沒有想象中的那么難。那么我們?nèi)绾卫煤眠@一年的時間，爭取在聽力水平上有所提高呢？
1. 首先要充分利用好英語老師在課堂上的語言。一般的英語老師在英語課堂上
都是盡可能的利用英語來組織教學(xué)，無論老師說多說少，同學(xué)們都可以把這當(dāng)成練習(xí)聽力的好機(jī)會。在聽得不大明白的情況下，要仔細(xì)聽上下文，從老師前后的語言中來猜測、判斷語意，或是根據(jù)老師的手勢、眼神、動作等來分析，千萬不要因為聽不大懂而放棄。如果能利用好老師的課堂上的語言，對你的聽力會有不少的幫助。
2. 在平時的學(xué)習(xí)和生活中，充分利用國內(nèi)或國外的優(yōu)秀的英語廣播和電視節(jié)目等，選擇比較適合自己水平的節(jié)目，看比較簡單的英語原聲電影，等等�，F(xiàn)在有很多電視頻道和廣播都有針對中學(xué)生開辟的欄目，同學(xué)們不妨每天定期收看，并作好聽力記錄，把能夠聽懂的東西記錄下來，也可以把不明白的句子或單詞記錄下來（盡可能地記錄），等節(jié)目結(jié)束后去揣摩或問老師。堅持下來，就會在無形中既提高了聽的能力，還能有助于增長詞匯量和知識，是幫助學(xué)習(xí)者打下牢固聽力基礎(chǔ)的較好方法，并建立語言溝通能力的自信心的有效途。
3. 在泛聽的基礎(chǔ)上，必須安排一定的時間進(jìn)行專項、綜合和強(qiáng)化性聽力訓(xùn)練。選擇難易適度的材料，先易后難，先慢后快地進(jìn)行。
二. 解題技巧
1. 先看題后聽音：在做聽力題時，一定要做到聽前先把聽力試卷全部看一遍，尤其是聽對話和聽短文這兩種類型，以大概掌握主題內(nèi)容，縮小聽力范圍；
2. 把握全文：聽第一遍時，不要急于做答，應(yīng)仔細(xì)把全文聽完，盡可能弄明白文章的大意；
3. 邊聽邊記：聽的過程中，可以適當(dāng)?shù)刈鲆恍┯涗�，如：時間、地點、數(shù)字、人物、天氣等等，同時把可能正確的答案做上記號。
4. 抓關(guān)鍵詞：無論談話的主題是什麼，總會涉及到這類主題的專門用語。抓住這個關(guān)鍵詞，談話地點，人物關(guān)系就好確定了。
5. 不因前誤后：有時一個詞或一個句子沒有聽懂，不必著急。將沒聽清楚的詞或句子放過去，不要影響了下一道題。
【中考范例】
陜西省的聽力的題目分為三個部分，下面我們按照題目地類型分別加以說明：
1. 聽句子，選答語
這類題目要求考生在聽完一個句子的錄音后，從書面的三個備選項中，找出所聽到的句子的答語。這類題型在考察中一般屬于較易題，考察的重點為大綱中日常交際用語表中所列項目。請看2004年陜西省聽力部分第1題：
1. A. I think so. B. Thanks a lot. C. I hope so.
錄音材料：
1. Wish you good luck in this exam!
在解答本題前，同學(xué)們通過快速瀏覽書面選擇項，通過特定情景用語的分析，就可將問題的內(nèi)容基本推測出來。對方向你表示良好地祝愿，你的回答當(dāng)然是表示感謝。答案為B。
II. 聽對話，選答案
這類題目讓考生聽一組對話，在聽完對話后，接著由第三者根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容提出問題，要求考生在領(lǐng)會談話要旨的基礎(chǔ)上，從書面三個備選項中挑選能回答所聽到問句的正確答案、或是讓考生辨別說話人的職業(yè)或者兩人之間的關(guān)系以及推斷談話發(fā)生的場合或地點等。請看2004年陜西省聽力部分第6題：
6. A. Weather. B. Business. C. Season.
錄音材料：
6. W: I am going to London on business. Can you tell me if it rains a lot there?
M: Yes, it often rains there.?
Question: What are they talking about??
該題中的女士問的是下雨的事，男士回答的也是下雨的事。他們談?wù)摰脑掝}當(dāng)然是天氣。答案為A。
III. 聽短文，選答案
聽短文要注意聽大意，要善于捕捉整體信息，切莫一個詞一個詞地聽，也不要聽一句就翻譯一句，更不必因一個詞或一個短語沒聽懂就停步不前，一定要帶著短文后的要求和指令去聽。聽的短文通常是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的故事，選用大多是圍繞who , when , where , what , how 或why所設(shè)的問題。因此，在聽的時候應(yīng)緊緊圍繞選項內(nèi)容作些速記，記下關(guān)鍵詞語，理清線索，抓好前后聯(lián)系，最后才準(zhǔn)確做出答案。請看2004年陜西省聽力部分第16-20題：
16. Where did Jack work?
A. On a farm. B. In an office. C. In a factory.
17. How often did he get his money?
A. Every month. B. Every week. C. Every half month.
18. What happened this month?
A. Jack got more money.
B. Jack got less money.
C. Jack got enough money.
19. From this passage we know that ________.
A. the manager believe Jack
B. Jack wasn’t an honest (誠實的) man
C. Jack was an honest man
20. Could Jack go on working in this factory?
A. The story didn’t tell us.
B. Yes, he could.
C. No, he couldn’t.
錄音材料：
Jack worked in a factory, and at the end of last month he got his money in a paper bag. He opened the bag and found it was wrong. He got fifty more dollars. He put the money carefully in his pocket and said nothing to others. A month later, he got his money again. He found it was wrong again this time. There was not enough money in his paper bag. Then he went to see the manager.?
“That’s right,” said the manager after Jack told his story. “I made a mistake last month. For one mistake, I can close my eyes. But for two, I can’t. Thank you, Jack. I’ve known you already. I have to choose another man instead of you. I think you should know what do to in the future.”
本題在聽短文，選擇正確答案的題型中屬于較容易題。同學(xué)們在聽本題前，通過快速瀏覽試題所給的5個問題及選項，根據(jù)所提供的信息，可以推測出短文所涉及的內(nèi)容是Jack的工作問題。5個問題分別涉及到Jack在那里工作，多長時間拿一次工資，工資出現(xiàn)了多少的問題，Jack誠實不誠實，從而決定了他是否能留下來繼續(xù)工作。帶著這些問題開始聽錄音。第一遍聽音時只聽不記，把注意力集中在有關(guān)問題的內(nèi)容上，把握全文大意。第二遍聽音時邊聽邊看邊記，重點把短文中有關(guān)內(nèi)容與相關(guān)的題目對上號，分析判斷后就能很快選出正確的答案，即：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C。
【滿分演練】
�。�1）
聽對話，選答案
1. A. It’s Friday.. B. It’s April 23rd? C. It’s fine today.
2. A. Yes, I’d love to. B. No, I don’t. C. I enjoy reading books.
3. A. Sure. B. Certainly not. C. Thanks.?
4. A. Me too. B. You’re welcome. C.. Thank you.
5. A. Yes, I will. B. Yes, please.? C. Thank you. It’s lovely.
6. A. That’s a good idea. B. I’ll take your advice. C. It’s hard to say.
7. A. No, you can’t. B. Sure, I’d love to C. Yes, I want.
8. A. Me too. B. Thank you. C. That’s all right.?
9. A. From 8:00 to 11:00 B. Five hours. C. At 8:00.?
10. A. No, she hasn’t. B. Yes, he hasn’t. C. Yes, never.?
聽力材料：
1. What’s the date today?
2. Do you enjoy listening to music or reading books?
3. Can I ask for leave tomorrow afternoon?
4. You speak English very fluently.
5. Shall I get a taxi for you?
6. Let’s go to the concert, shall we??
7. Would you like to have a game with us?
8. I’m so happy that you could be here at Christmas time.
9. Could you tell me what time the plane leaves??
10. She has never been abroad, has she?
�。�2）
聽對話，選答案
1. A. Go to the cinema. B. Watch TV.? C. Go to a concert.?
2. A. In a classroom B. In a hospital. C. In a clothes shop.
3. A. To Beijing. B. To Tianjin. C. To Beijing and Tianjin.?
4. A. Dumplings. B. Bread and milk.C. Bread only.
5. A. 7:45 B. 8:15.? C. 7:30.
6. A. He was ill in bed all day.?B. He had toothache yesterday.?
C. He was hurt in a traffic accident.?
7. A. By bus. B. By car. C. By taxi.?
8. A. Eight. B. Nine. C. Five.?
9. A. Your sister. B. The man’s sister. C. Alice’s sister.?
10. A. Emily is not in. B. The man has got a wrong number.
C. She knows Emily very well.?
聽力材料：
1. M: What do you want to do tonight, Jenny?
W: I want to go to the cinema. What about you, Jim?
M: Just watch TV at home.
Q: What is Jim going to do tonight?
2. M: This shirt is too expensive. Do you have a cheaper one?
W: How about this one? It’s only five dollars.
M: But I don’t like the colour.
Q: Where are the two speakers?
3. M: I want to take a business trip tomorrow.
W: How long will you be away, Dad?
M: Five or six days.
W: And where are you going?
M: To Beijing first, and then to Tianjin.
Q: Where’s the girl’s father going?
4. M: What do you usually eat for breakfast?
W: I used to eat dumplings, but now I’m used to eating bread and milk.
Q: What does the lady now eat for breakfast?
5. M: It’s a quarter to eight. Let’s hurry.
W: Well, your watch is 15 minutes fast. My watch is only half past seven.
Q: What time is it by the girl’s watch?
6. M: Why didn’t Peter come to school yesterday, do you know, Alice?
W: It is said he got the flu and stayed in bed all day.
Q: What was the matter with Peter yesterday?
7. M: Excuse me, where is the nearest hospital?
W: It’s far from here. You can catch the No. 8 bus. But there is no bus now. You’d better take a taxi.
Question: How will the man go there?
8. M: Did you speak at the meeting?
W: Yes, I was the third one. Then five other people spoke after me.
Question: How many people made their speeches??
9. M: What’s your sister’s name, Alice?
W: Her name is Betty.
Question: Who is Betty??
10.M: May I speak to Emily?
W: Emily? Oh, no. There is nobody named Emily here.
Question: What does the woman mean??
�。�3）
聽短文，選答案
I
1. What did the man have to do in the morning?
A. He fed the chickens.
B. He cleaned the bath-room.
C. He carried water for the family.
2. Why did the man go to school on foot?
A. No bus ran in the direction.
B. The school was near.
C. His family was poor.
3. What did the man do every Sunday?
A. He was taken to church three times.
B. He stayed at home all day.
C. He played in the street.
4. What can we learn from what the speaker said?
A. He is a retired teacher of history.
B. He thinks children were happier in the past.
C. He lives on a farm far away from cities.
聽力材料：
Now, you want to know about life in the past, right? I can tell you. When I was a boy, things were different. I had to get up at six every morning. That was not very bad in summer, but in winter it was cold. And we didnt have any hot water in the house. We had to wash in cold water. We didnt have a bath-room. My dad had some chickens. I had to feed them every morning and then I had to walk to school with my little sister. It was two miles to school and two miles back in the evening. And we had to go to bed at seven oclock every night. We couldnt watch TV because there wasnt any. On Sundays we had to go to church three times-morning, afternoon and evening. And we couldnt play outside on Sundays. But it wasnt too bad. We had some good times. We could go out and our parents didnt have to worry about us. There werent so many cars on the roads then, so the streets were safe to play in. And there were not many robbers and thieves in those days. We had to work hard and we werent able to buy all those things in the shops today. Life was hard, but it was simple and people were happier.
II
1. A. Three. B. Four. C. Five.?
2. A. Because of the food. B. Because of their homework.
C. Because of watching TV too long.?
3. A. Surf the Internet. B. Paint pictures. C. Play games.?
4. A. Boring. B. Colourful. C. Amazing.?
5. A. Watching TV less. B. Watching TV more. C. Stopping watching TV
聽力材料：
Are you a TV lover? Can you think of your life without TV?
Many people think if you turn off your TV, your life will be colourful. They also suggest children should watch less TV. TV can give children big problems. First, it’s bad for your studies, you spend too long on TV, you can’t do well in school. Second, it’s bad for your health, because you watch too long on TV, you can’t do well in school. Second, it’s bad for your health, because you watch too much TV, you’re getting overweight. Your eyesight is getting worse. Third, it’s bad for your family life. While your families are watching TV, they don’t talk too much. Also it has too much fighting. Some children always follow the fighting in real life.
If you turn off your TV for a week, maybe you can find something fun to do. Maybe you can read books, learn to swim or paint pictures. What do you think? Would you want to have a try?
Questions: 16. How many TV problems are there in the passage?
17. Why are more children getting fatter?
18. What other things can we do according to the passage?
19. What will our lives be like without TV?
20. How can you make your life more interesting??
【練習(xí)答案】
(1)1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.A
(2)1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B
(3)I. 1. A 2.C 3.A 4.B
II. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A
交際用語
【考點掃描】
近年來的中考試題中，對日常交際用語的考查比重越來越大。涉及到在各種情景下的問和答；涉及到英語國家的文化習(xí)俗；涉及到口語和書面表達(dá)�？疾榈男问接新犃斫�，有補(bǔ)全對話，有單項選擇，有情景反應(yīng)，有書面表達(dá)。
【名師精講】
初中階段要掌握的30個日常交際項目是：
1.問候 Greetings
a.Good morning/afternoon/evening.
Hello/Hi.
How are you?
b.Fine, thank you, And you?
Very well, thank you.
2.介紹 Introductions
a.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Comrade….
b.How do you do?
Nice/Glad to see/meet you.
c.My name is….
I’m a student/worker etc.(here).
3.告別 Farewells
a.I think it’s time for to leave now.
b.Goodbye! (Bye-bye! Bye!)
See you later/tomorrow. (See you.)
Good night.
4.打電話 Making telephone calls
a.Hello! May I speak to …?
Is that… (speaking)?
b.Hold on, please.
He/She isn’t here right now.
Can I take a message for you?
c.I called to tell/ask you…
d.Goodbye.
5.感謝和應(yīng)答 Thanks and responses
a.Thank you (very much).
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
Thanks for…
b.Not at all.
That’s all right.
You’re welcome.
6.祝愿，祝賀和應(yīng)答 Good wishes, congratulations, responses
a.Good luck!
Best wishes to you.
Have a nice/good time.
Congratulations!
c.Thank you.
d.Happy New Year!
Merry Christmas!
Happy birthday to you.
e.The same to you.
7.意愿 Intentions
I’m going to…
I will...
I’d like to…
I want/hope to…
8.道歉和應(yīng)答 Apologies and responses
a.I’m sorry. (Sorry.)
I’m sorry for/about…
Excuse me.
b.That’s all right.
It doesn’t matter.
That’s nothing.
9.遺憾和同情 Regrets and sympathy
What a pity!
I’m sorry to hear…
10.邀請和應(yīng)答 Invitations and responses
a.Will you come to…?
Would you like to…?
b.Yes, I’d love to…
Yes, it’s very kind/nice of you.
c.I’d love to, but…
11.提供（幫助等）和應(yīng)答 Offers and responses
a.Can I help you?
What can I do for you?
Here, take this/my…
Let me…for you.
Would you like some…?
b.Thanks. That would be nice/fine.
Thank you for your help.
Yes, please.
c.No, thanks/thank you.
That’s very kind of you, but…
12.請求允許和應(yīng)答 Asking for permission and responses
a.May I…?
Can/Could I…?
b.Yes/Certainly.
Yes, do please.
Of course (you may).
That’s Ok/all right.
c.I’m sorry, but…
You’d better not.
13.表示同意和不同意 Expressing agreement and disagreement
a.Certainly/Sure/Of course.
Yes, please.
Yes, I think so.
b.That’s true/OK.
That’s a good idea.
I agree (with you).
c.No, I don’t think so.
I’m afraid not.
I really can’t agree with you.
14.表示肯定和不肯定 Expressing certainty and uncertainty
a.I’m sure.
I’m sure (that) …
b.I’m not sure.
I’m not sure whether/if…
c.Maybe/Perhaps
15.喜好和厭惡 Likes and dislikes
a.I like/love… (very much).
I like/love to…
b.I don’t like (to) …
I hate (to) …
16.談?wù)撎鞖?Talking about the weather
a.What’s the weather like today?
How’s the weather in…?
b.It’s fine/cloudy/windy/rainy, etc.
It’s rather warm/cold/hot/etc. today, isn’t it?
17.購物 Shopping
a.What can I do for you?
May/Can I help you?
b.I want/I’d like…
How much is it?
That’s too much/expensive, I’m afraid.
That’s fine. I’ll take it.
Let me have…kilo/box, etc.
c.How many/much do you want?
What colour/size/kind do you want?
d.Do you have any other kind/size/colour,etc.?
18.問路和應(yīng)答 Asking the way and responses
a.Excuse me. Where’s the men’s/ladies’ room?
Excuse me, can you tell me the way to…?
How can I get to…? I don’t know the way.
b.Go down this street.
Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.
It’s about …metres from here.
19.問時間或日期和應(yīng)答 Asking the time or date and responses
a.What day is (it) today?
What’s the date today?
What time is it?
What’s the time, please?
b.It’s Monday/Tuesday, etc.
It’s January 10th.
It’s five o,clock/half past five/a quarter to five/five thirty, etc.
It’s time for…
20.請求 Requests
a.Can/Could you…for me?
Will/would you please…?
May I have…?
b.Please give/pass me…
Please wait (here/a moment).
Please wait for your turn.
Please stand in line/line up.
Please hurry.
c.Don’t rush/crowd.
No noise, please.
No smoking, please.
21.勸告和建議 Advice and suggestions
a.You’d better…
You should…
You need (to)…
b.Shall we…?
Let’s…
What /How about…?
22.禁止和警告 Prohibition and warnings
a.You can’t/mustn’t…
If you…, you’ll…
b.Take care !
Be careful !
Look out !
23.表示感情 Expressing certain emotions
a.喜悅 Pleasure, joy
I’m glad/pleased/happy to…
That’s nice.
That’s wonderful/great.
b.焦慮 Anxiety
What’s wrong?
What’s the matter (with you)?
I’m/He’s/She’s worried.
Oh, what shall I/we do?
c.驚奇 Surprise
Really?
Oh dear?
Is that so?
24.就餐 Taking meals
a.What would you like to have?
Would you like something to eat/drink?
b.I’d like…
Would you like some more…?
Help yourself to some…
c.Thank you. I’ve had enough/Just a little, please.
25.約會 Making appointments
a.Are you free this afternoon/evening?
How about tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening?
Shall we meet at 4: 30 at…?
b.Yes, that’s all right.
Yes, I’ll be free then.
c.No, I won’t be free then. But I’ll be free…
a. All right. See you then.
26.傳遞信息 Passing on a message
a.Will you please give this note/message to…?
b.asked me to give you this note.
c.Thanks for the message.
27.看病 Seeing the doctor
a.There’s something wrong with…
I’ve got a cough.
I feel terrible(bad).
I don’t feel well.
I’ve got a pain here.
This place hurts.
b.Take this medicine three times a day.
Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.
It’s nothing serious.
You’ll be right/well soon.
28.求救 Calling for help
a.Help!
b.What’s the matter?
29.語言困難 Language difficulties
Pardon.
Please say that again/more slowly.
What do you mean by…?
I’m sorry I can’t follow you.
I’m sorry I know only a little English.
30.常見的標(biāo)志和說明 Some common signs and instructions
BUSINESS HOURS FRAGILE
OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP
OPEN MENU
CLOSED NO SMOKING
PULL NO PARKING
PUSH NO PHOTOS
ON DANGER!
OFF PLAY
ENTRANCE STOP
EXIT PAUSE
INSTRUCTIONS
同學(xué)們在中考復(fù)習(xí)時，首先應(yīng)熟記教材第一至三冊中出現(xiàn)的常用交際用語和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。重點掌握問路、打電話、購物、看病、就餐和談?wù)撎鞖獾攘N情景中的表達(dá)方法。明確學(xué)習(xí)交際用語的目的是為了培養(yǎng)與講英語人士進(jìn)行口頭交際的能力。學(xué)習(xí)日常交際用語，要了解西方的風(fēng)土人情，必須記住一些典型的日常交際用語；要明確談話的場合和對象，因為在許多交際場合，怎么問和怎么答都有一些約定俗成的語言；要注意中西文化傳統(tǒng)和背景的不同，使用得體的語言。因此，同學(xué)們必須熟悉這些套話，熟練地掌握它們。這樣才能結(jié)合自己所處的環(huán)境，知道在什么時候、什么地方、用什么方式、對什么人使用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言表達(dá)出自己的意思，給予正確的應(yīng)答，還要能自如應(yīng)付各種形式的測試，如單項選擇、對號入座、補(bǔ)全對話及排列順序等。
做這類題目的思路和方法歸納起來有以下九點：
1. 要根據(jù)不同的情景，使用不同的表達(dá)法。
2. 要正確判斷出對話的情景。
3. 問話或答語不能離題。
4. 用篩選法選擇正確對話。
5. 從語意進(jìn)行判斷。
6. 根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法進(jìn)行選擇。
7. 答語要符合西方人的文化、風(fēng)俗和習(xí)慣。
8. 要使用文明禮貌的語言。
9. 要遵照口語交際特點，不要死套語法規(guī)則。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年北京市中考試題)
---Would you like to go out for a walk with us?
---_________, but I must finish my homework first.
A. Of course not B. That’s all right
C. I’d love to D. Yes, I do
【解析】答案：C。該題考查的是如何婉拒別人的邀請。對方邀請出去散步，但因為要做家庭作業(yè)而婉言拒絕。符合這一情景的答語只有C。
2. (2004年江西省中考試題)
---I haven’t seen Jack for three days. Is he ill?
---________. His mother told me that he was in hospital.
A. I am afraid so B. I hope not
C. I don’t expect D. I am afraid not
【解析】答案：A。該題考查的是如何回答別人的詢問。對方詢問某人是否有病，由于答話人已經(jīng)知道某人有�。◤暮笠痪浯鹫Z可知），只能給出肯定回答。
3. (2004年濟(jì)寧市中考試題)
---Thank you for your delicious dinner.
---__________.
A. Don’t say that B. It’s nothing
C. I don’t think so D. I’m glad you enjoyed it
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是如何回答別人的感謝和贊揚。說英語國家的人在回答別人的感謝和贊揚時與中國人的習(xí)慣不同, 他們不是自我謙虛，而是表示高興。
4. (2004年濟(jì)寧市中考試題)
Turn the box over, please. Can’t you see the words “________”?
A. DANGER B. MENU C. THIS SIDE UP D. FRAGILE
【解析】答案：C。該題考查的是常用英語標(biāo)志和說明。只有看到箱子上有 “THIS SIDE UP”這樣的標(biāo)志，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子放倒了，才會讓對方把箱子反過來。
【滿分演練】
一. 單項選擇
1. ---I hope you don’t mind my pointing out your mistakes.
----_________ .
A. Not at all B. You’re welcome
C. Of course D. It’s a pleasure
2. ---I’m sorry. I’ve broken your cup.
---_______ .
A. It doesn’t matter B. Thank you
C. Not at all D. Excuse me
3. ---Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?
---_________
A. It doesn’t matter. B. That’s nothing.
C. Good idea! D. You’re welcome.
4. ---Will you go shopping together with us this Sunday, Jenny?
---Yes, __________.
A. I do B. I’d like to C. I’d love to do D. I’m busy
5. ---What a nice meal! Thank you for having us.
---________.
A. It doesn’t matter B. It was a pleasure
C. Not nice enough D. With pleasure
6. --Wish you a happy New Year!
---________.
A. The same to you B. You do too
C. The same as you D. You have it too
7. ---Hello. May I speak to Tom Smith?
---Yes. _______.
A. My name’s Tom Smith B. I’m Tom Smith
C. This is Tom Smith D. Tom Smith’s me
8. ---What are Johnson’s family like?
---____________.
A. His family is just like mine B. They all like sports and games
C. Oh, it’s really a big one D. They are all warm-hearted and helpful
9. ---Do you mind if I open the door?
---_______.
A. No, of course not B. Yes, please
C. Yes, you can D. No, you can’t open it
10.---Help yourself to some fruit.
---__________
A. Thank you. B. Yes, I like it very much.
C. OK. It’s nothing serious. D. Really?
二. 交際英語
1. ---__________________ ??
---Hold on, please.
A. Are you Bruce, please
B. Who are you
C. Are you at home, Bruce
D. May I speak to Bruce, please?
2. ---Could you tell me how to get to Peterson Building, please??
---________________.
A. Don’t ask me
B. Sure. You can take the No.3 bus
C. You’re welcome
D. Thank you all the same?
3. ---Oh, what a nice picture! You draw very well.?
---________________.
A. Yes, it’s very bad
B. Yours is good
C. Of course not
D. Thank you?
4. ---What’s wrong with you??
---_________________.
A. I’ve got a headache
B. She’ll take some medicine
C. I’ve got a new bike
D. I’m a doctor?
5. ---Happy New Year!?
---________________.
A. You are happy
B. The same to you
C. Happy birthday
D. Yes, I’m happy, too?
6. ---What’s the weather like??
---_______________.?
A. I like the weather
B. It’s sunny
C. I don’t like the weather
D. It’s rain
7. ---________________??
---It’s Saturday.
A. What’s the date
B. What time is it
C. What day is it today
D. How much is it?
8. ---Would you like to come to my house for supper??
---__________________.
A. I’d love to. But I’m afraid I can’t
B. Yes, I can’t
C. No, I would
D. Yes, I wouldn’t
9. ---What can I do for you, madam??
---__________________.
A. I can help myself?
B. No, I don’t need?
C. Yes, please help me?
D. I’d like to buy a pair of shoes of my daughter?
10. ---I’ve passed the exam.?
---__________________.
A. Congratulations!
B. Bad luck!
C. Thank you for telling me.
D. It’s nothing.
三. 補(bǔ)全對話
John: Hello, Jim. May I come in?
Jim: Oh, hello, John. Yes, come in, please.
John: You don’t look well. What’s the matter?
Jim: __1__
John: Oh dear! Why don’t you go to bed for a rest?
Jim: __2__
John: shall I call him and tell him you’re ill?
Jim: __3__
John: OK. I’ll do that. I’m going to the shops now. Can I get you some medicice?
Jim: __4__
John: Yes, of course. Is there anything else I can do?
Jim: __5__
John: see you later then. Take care!
A. Oh, yes, please. His number is in the phone book.
B. No, I’ll be all right. Thanks for your help.
C. My head hurts and I feel really hot.
D. Could you buy me a bottle of aspirin,please?
E. It doesn’t hurt very much.
F. I can’t. I will play ping-pong with our teacher this afternoon.
G. Do you think it’s a good idea?
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A
二.1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.A
三. 1.C 2.F 3.A 4.D 5.B
主謂一致的考點集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練
【考點直擊】
1. 語法一致的原則
2. 意義一致的原則
3. 鄰近一致的原則
【名師點睛】
謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致。主謂
一致一般遵循三條原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
1. 語法一致的原則
�。�1）以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動詞不定式短語作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù);主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：
He goes to school early every morning.
The children are playing outside.
To work hard is necessary for a student.
�。�2）由and或both……and連接的并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Both he and I are right.
Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.
但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
The poet and writer has come.
�。�3）由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
Each man and each woman is asked to help.
�。�4）主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介詞短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。例如：
The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.
Nobody but two boys was late for class.
Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.
（5） 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A lot of people are dancing outside.
The police are looking for lost boy.
（6）由each, some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時，謂語動詞都用單數(shù)。例如：
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
�。�7）有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.
Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.
如果這類名詞前用了a pair of等，則往往用作單數(shù)，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
My new pair of socks is on the bed.
2. 意義一致的原則
�。�1）表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
Twenty years is not a long time.
Ten dollars is too dear.
�。�2）有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語時，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如指其中每個成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
My family is big one.
My family are watching TV.
�。�3）不定代詞由all, most, more, some, any, none作主語時，也要依這些代詞表示的意義來決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果代詞代表復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果代詞代表單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
All of the work has been finished.
All of the people have gone.
（4）疑問代詞作主語時，其謂語動詞也有兩種情況：主語表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；主語表示單數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
Who is your brother?
Who are League members?
�。�5）“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時，其謂語動詞要以of后面的名詞而定。名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)：名詞是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.
Three –fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
�。�6）half, the rest等表示不定數(shù)量的名詞作主語時，如果所指為復(fù)數(shù)意義，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果所指為單數(shù)意義，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.
Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.
（7）由what 引導(dǎo)地主于從句作主語時，通常謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。但如果所指內(nèi)容為復(fù)數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
What she said is correct.
What she left me are a few old books.
（8）凡是以“定冠詞+形容詞（或分詞）”作主語，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
The dead is a famous person.
3. 鄰近一致的原則
�。�1）由連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。例如：
Either you or I am right.
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
�。�2）在“There be” 句型中,謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。
There are two apples and one egg in it.
（3）as well as 和名詞連用時,謂語動詞和第一個名詞相一致。
He as well as I is responsible for it.
不但是我，他對這件事也有責(zé)任。
（4）以here開頭的句子，其謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。
Here is a letter and some books for you.
【實例解析】
1. (2004年天津市中考試題)
How time flies! Ten years ________ passed.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
答案：B。該題考查的是主謂一致。Ten years通常被看作是一個時間整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
2. (2004年南通市中考試題)
Not only his parents but also his brother ________ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.
A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone
答案：D。該題考查的是主謂一致。如果由not only…but also連接兩個并列主語，其謂語動詞同相鄰的主語保持一致，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。又因為他們還都沒有回來，所以用has gone而不用has been。
3. (2004年吉林市中考試題)
Neither my father ________ going to see the patient.
A. nor I am B. nor I are
C. or me are D. or me is
答案：A。該題考查的是主謂一致。Neither…nor是一組連詞，可連接連個并列主語，其謂語動詞應(yīng)同靠近的主語I保持一致, 因此應(yīng)選A。
4. (2004年包頭市中考試題)
Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.
A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers
C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers
答案：A。該題考查的是主謂一致。這個句子的主語是a number of deer, 是個復(fù)數(shù)概念，因此謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。（deer單復(fù)數(shù)相同）
【中考演練】
一. 選擇填空
1. They said the eighteenth and last lesson _______ quite easy.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
2. ---When are you going to Kumming for your holidays?
---I haven’t decided. ______ this Sunday ______ next Sunday is OK.
A. Both; and B. Either; or C. Neither; nor D. Not only; but also
3. ______ Helen ______ Joan speaks beautiful Chinese after they came to China.
A. Neither; nor B. Not only; but also C. Both; and D. A and B
4. _______ of them has his own opinion.
A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each
5. Are there any _______ on the farm?
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
6. My shirt _____ white and my trousers _____ blue.
A. are; are B. are; is
C. is; is D. is; are
7. ------Two months _______ quite a long time.
------Yes. I’m afraid that he will miss a lot of lessons.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
8. The old man has two children but _____ of them lives with him.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
9. Our knowledge of computer _____ growing all the time.
A. be B. is C. are D. were
10. Everyone except Tom and John _____ there when the meeting began.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
11. Most of the houses _______ this year.
A. has built B. have built
C. has been built D. have been built
12. I think maths _____ very difficult to learn.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
13. A large number of students _____ to work in Xingjiang.
A. have gone B. has gone C. goes D. is going
14. The number of the students in the class ______ small.
A. are B. is C. have D. were
15. There _____ a lot of good news in today’s newspaper.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
二. 用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. _____ (be) everything OK?
2. Nobody _______ (know) the answer to the question.
3. Ten divided by two _______ (be) five.
4. Most of the drinking water ______ (be) from the Black River.
5. Not only she but also I _______ (do) morning exercises every day.
6. Either you or she _____ (have) made a wrong decision.
7. The family _____(be) spending the weekend together.
8. Bread and butter ______ (be) her daily breakfast.
9. The police _____ (be) trying to catch the thief.
10. The number of people invited _____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons.
三. 翻譯下列句子
1.我們兩個人都沒有看這部電影。
___________________________.
2.我的茶杯里沒有水了。
___________________________.
3.不是他就是我要到哪兒去。
___________________________.
4.學(xué)生們和老師都不知道這件事。
___________________________.
5.我們家正在一起度周末。
___________________________.
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1. B 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.B11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.A
二. 1.Is 2.knows 3.is 4.is 5.do 6.has 7.are 8.is 9.are 10.was; were
三. 1.Neither of us has seen the film.
2.There is no water in my cup.
3.Either he or I is going there.
4.Neither the students nor the teacher knows this matter.
5.Our family are spending the weekend together.
初三英語系列復(fù)習(xí)資料（10）定語從句的考點集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練
定語從句
【考點掃描】
中考對定語從句的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面：
1．定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)
2．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用
3．各個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法
考查的主要形式是單項填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)肯定也要用到定語從句。
【名師精講】
一. 定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village?
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
二. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定于從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個成分。關(guān)系待客做主語，賓語，定語，關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。
1. 作主語：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如：
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作賓語：
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 作定語
關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。例如：
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作狀語
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where I was born.
三. 各個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法
1. who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。例如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。例如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人，在定語從句中作定語。例如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物，在定語從中作主語或賓語。例如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如：
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
6. when 指時間，在定語從句中作狀語。例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地點，在定語從句中作狀語。例如：
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四. 關(guān)系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.
五. 具體使用時還要注意下列問題：
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情況：
(1) 先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時。例如：
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時。例如：
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如：
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾的詞。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行詞既包括人又包括物時。例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2. 只能用which，不用that 的情況：
(1) 在非限制性定語從中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定語從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，先行詞是物時。例如：
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
【中考范例】
1. (2004年哈爾濱中考試題)
---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
---Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的選擇。因為先行詞是人，而關(guān)系代詞又在定語從句中作主語，所以只有who合適。
2. (2004年常州市中考試題)
The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的選擇。因為先行詞是物，而關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語，所以只有that合適。
3. (2004年揚州市中考試題)
---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday?
---He has gone back to Qinghua University.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的選擇。因為先行詞是人，而關(guān)系代詞又在定語從句中作主語，所以只有who合適。
4. (2004年益陽市中考試題)
I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的選擇。因為先行詞是人，而關(guān)系代詞又在定語從句中作主語，所以只有who合適。
【滿分演練】
一. 單項填空
1. ---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?
---Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B. which C. they D. where
3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.
A. which B. when C. who D. whom
4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom C. he D. which
5. This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C. that D. on which
10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A. who B. that C. whose D. which
11. He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
12. This is the house _______ I want to buy.
A. in which B. that C. whose D. where
13. This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
14. He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
15. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
二. 用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞將下列每對句子連成一個復(fù)合句
1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.
2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.
3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.
4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her.
5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.
6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.
7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.
8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.
9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.
10. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor.
三. 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空
1. The house _______ we live in is very big.
2. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
3. This is the present _____ he gave me for my birthday.
4. The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.
5. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.
6. There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten him.
7. She wears a gold ring, _______ is very uncommon in our class.
8. We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.
9. Is this the place _______ your father once lived?
10. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.B
二. 1.The boy who was here a minute ago is my younger brother.
2. The old man who teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.
3. Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.
4. The woman whom you were talking about is here now.
5. This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.
6. The car which just passed us was going 90 miles an hour.
7. The man who waved us was my uncle.
8. I enjoyed reading the book you gave me last week.
9. The subject I prefer is science.
10.The man I spoke to is a professor.
初三英語祈使句的用法及句型轉(zhuǎn)換
祈使句表示請求、命令、建議等等。謂語動詞一律用原形。句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆號或者句號，用降調(diào)。
句型轉(zhuǎn)換
祈使句有時相當(dāng)一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。
祈使句：Use your head and youll find a way.
條件句：If you use your head，youll find a way.
如果你動動腦筋，你就會找到方法。
注意
回答Lets～的反意疑問句句型時，肯定時用Yes，lets.否定時用NO，lets not.
1含有第二人稱主語的祈使句
Be careful!小心!
Dont make such a noise.不要這么吵。
1.肯定的祈使句
a.句型：動詞原形～.(省略主語)
Stand up.起立。
Be quiet，please.請安靜。
b.有時，為了加強(qiáng)語氣，可以在動詞之前加do
Do sit down.
務(wù)必請坐。
Do study hard.
一定要努力學(xué)習(xí)。
比較
祈使句和陳述句
陳述句：
You sit down.
你坐下來。
祈使句：
Sit down.坐下
(省略主語you)
c.用客氣的語氣表示祈使句時，可在句首或句尾加上please，但如果在句尾加please，那在please之前一定要加一個逗號“，”。
Go this way，please.
請這邊走。
d.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號“，”隔開，放在句首或句尾。
Li Ming，come here.
李明，過來。
Come here，Li Ming.
過來，李明。
2.否定的祈使句
句型：Dont +動詞原形～
Dont swim in the river.
別在河里游泳。
Dont be late.別遲到。
Please dont be noisy.
請不要大聲喧嘩。
注意
表示禁止時，尤其是標(biāo)語等也可用“No+動名詞”來表示。
No smoking.
禁止吸煙。
No parking.
禁止停車。
句型轉(zhuǎn)換
祈使句與陳述句的改寫
1.祈使句=You must …(陳述句)
Come here .過來。
=You must come here .
你必須過來。
Dont do that again.
你一定不可以再那樣做了。
2.Please +祈使句=Will you (please) ～?(陳述句)
Please help me .請幫幫我。
=Will you (please) help me?
你愿意幫我的忙嗎?
Come here on time ,please .請準(zhǔn)時到這兒。
=Will you (please) come here on time ?
請你準(zhǔn)時到好嗎?
2含有第一、第三人稱主語的祈使句
Lets say good-by here.
我們在此道別吧。
Dont let him do that again.
別讓他再那么做了。
1.肯定的祈使句
句型：Let+第一人稱(me，us)～.
Let+第三人稱代詞(賓格：him，her，it，them)或名詞～.
Lets go at once.
咱們馬上動身吧。
Let me try again.
讓我再試試。
Let Tom go there himself.
讓湯姆自己去那兒。
注意
Lets包括對方，Let us不包括對方。反意疑問句時最明顯。
Lets go，shall we?
咱們?nèi)グ桑趺礃?
Let us go，will you?
讓我們?nèi)グ桑袉?
(征求對方的意見)
2.否定的祈使句
句型：Lets(us，me)+not +動詞原形～.
Dont let +第三人稱代詞的賓格或名詞+動詞原形.
Lets not say anything about it.
對于這件事，咱們什么也不要說。
Dont let them play with fire.
別讓他們玩火。
初三年級英語作文常用的十種句型
一、以形式主語it引導(dǎo)的句型。
句型1. It happened(chanced) that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. = sb. did sth. by chance. 如：
It happened that he was out when I got there. 當(dāng)我到那兒時，碰巧他不在。
句型2、It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done 如：(還有動詞appear可這樣使用)
It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.好象你以去過北京。
二、定語從句：
句型1、由as引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語從句。如：
As we have known, he is a most good student.眾所周知，他是個很好的學(xué)生。
句型2、由which引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語從句。如：
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming.
他是個教授，那是我一直盼望的職業(yè)。(因為先行詞professor是表示職業(yè)的名詞，因此引導(dǎo)詞用which，而不用who。(注意：關(guān)于which和as之間的比較請看語法的定語從句部分。)
三、讓步狀語從句
句型1、No matter what / which / who / where / when /
whose+從句，+主句。注意從句中的時態(tài)一般情況用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。如：
No matter what you do, you must do it well.
四、條件狀語從句
句型1、When / So long as / As long as / Once +從句，+主句。(從句也可以放在主句之后。)如：
As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.只要你給我一些錢，我就讓你走。
句型2、主句+on condition that+從句。如：
I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.我和你一起去的條件是你給我一些錢。
句型3、主句+unless+從句.(注意：由于unless本身是否定詞，所引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞用肯定。)如：
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.我明天去那兒除非下雨。
五、原因狀語從句
句型1、主句+in case+從句。(in case表示以免)如：
I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣帶上以免下雨。
句型2、主句+due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +從句。如：
He did not come to school because of the fact that he was
ill.由于他有病了，所以沒有來上學(xué)。
六、時間狀語從句
句型1、When / While / As +從句，+主句。(關(guān)于它們之間的區(qū)別請看語法。)如：
When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.當(dāng)我在農(nóng)村時，我常常給你打水。
句型2、主句+after / before +從句. 如：
They hadn’t been married four months before they were
devoiced.他們繪結(jié)婚不到四個月就離婚了。
We went home after we had finished the work.我們做完此工作就回家了。
七地點狀語從句
句型1、Where +從句，+主句. 如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.哪里沒有雨水，種莊稼是很難的或者是不可能的。
句型2、Anywhere / wherever+從句，+主句. 如：
Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.無論我去哪兒，我的妻子也去哪兒。
八、目的狀語從句
句型1、主句+in order that / so that +從句.如：
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.我起得很早，以便能趕上早班車。
九、結(jié)果狀語從句
句型1、主句+so that+從句. 如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze.天氣很冷，因此河水結(jié)冰了。
句型2、So+形容詞/ 副詞+特定動詞+主語+…+that+從句.
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.這本書那么有趣，我想再讀一遍。
十、比較狀語從句
句型1、The +形容詞比較級……，(主句)the +形容詞比較級+……如：
The sooner you do it, the better it will be.越早越好。
句型2、主語+謂語+as +形容詞原級+as +被比較的對象. 如：
He is as busy as a bee.他非常忙。
希望以上的初中英語句型可以幫你在寫作上解決一個大忙。
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